[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-84402-en":3,"doc-seo-84402-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},84402,7971461741311,"Ophelia","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/74000253aff267980c6?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779345379180704826",8,"Research & Report","TRM-Raft: A Byzantine-Resistant Raft Consensus via Integrated Trust and Reputation Model","Internetware envisions autonomous software entities collaborating over an open, evolving Internet, where Raft consensus is widely used for distributed coordination. Raft’s crash-fault assumption leaves it vulnerable to Byzantine attacks such as election forgery and log tampering in hostile Internet environments. TRM-Raft introduces a non-intrusive integration of a Blockchain-based Trust and Reputation Model into Raft’s core. By quantifying multi-dimensional behaviors, applying adaptive penalties, and embedding reputation into leader election and log replication with Schnorr signature checks, TRM-Raft keeps malicious leaders below 5% under 40% Byzantine nodes, with under 10% throughput degradation and less than 5% latency increase.","TRM-Raft: A Byzantine-Resistant Raft Consensus via Integrated  \nTrust and Reputation Model  \nJie Zhang∗ Tianjin University Tianjin, China [jackzhang@tju.edu.cn](jackzhang@tju.edu.cn)  \nXubo Fan∗ Tianjin University Tianjin, China [xubofan@tju.edu.cn](xubofan@tju.edu.cn)  \nXiaohong Li✉ Tianjin University Tianjin, China [xiaohongli@tju.edu.cn](xiaohongli@tju.edu.cn)  \nZhiyong Feng  \nTianjin University Tianjin, China [zyfeng@tju.edu.cn](zyfeng@tju.edu.cn)  \narXiv :2607 .08666v 1 [ cs .CR] 9 Jul 2026  \nAbstract  \nInternetware envisions autonomous software entities dynamically collaborating over the open, evolving Internet. Akey enabler of such systems is the Raft consensus protocol, which is widely adopted for its simplicity and high performance in distributed coordination, e.g., in service registries, cloud orchestration, and permissioned blockchains. However, Raft’s design assumes a purely crash-fault model, making it inherently vulnerable to Byzantine behaviors such as election forgery and log tampering when deployed in the hostile, dynamic Internet environment. Existing Byzantine fault-tolerant protocols incur prohibitive communication overhead and invasive architectural changes, while point-wise hardening attempts for Raft fail to provide unified, adaptive defense.  \nIn this paper, we propose TRM-Raft, a Byzantine-resistant enhancement of Raft that non-intrusively integrates a Blockchainbased Trust and Reputation Model (B-TRM) into the consensus core. The core idea is to quantify multi-dimensional node behaviors, apply adaptive penalties that distinguish accidental faults from persistent malice, and embed reputation signals directly into leader election and log replication. Specifically, a reputation-aware election mechanism detects and harshly penalizes term/index forgery, keeping low-reputation nodes out of the leader role. A Schnorrsignature-based leader restriction mechanism enables followers to instantly verify log integrity; any tampering triggers reputation decay and leader replacement. Implemented and evaluated in a realistic Internetware setting using Hyperledger Fabric, TRM-Raft maintains a malicious leader ratio below 5% even when 40% of nodes are Byzantine, while introducing less than 10% throughput degradation and under 5% latency increase compared to vanilla Raft. TRM-Raft thus provides a lightweight and practical path toward  \n∗Jie Zhang and Xubo Fan contributed equally to this research. Xiaohongli is the corresponding author.  \nPermission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. Copyrights for components of this work owned by others than the author(s) must be honored. Abstracting with credit is permitted. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission [and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org](and/or a fee. Request permissions from permissions@acm.org).  \nConference acronym ’Internetware2026, Gold Coast, Australia  \n© 2026 Copyright held by the owner/author(s) . Publication rights licensed to ACM. ACM ISBN 978-1-4503-XXXX-X/2018/06  \n[https://doi.org/xxxx](https://doi.org/xxxx)  \ntrustworthiness for the broad class of Internetware systems that rely on Raft.  \nCCS Concepts  \n• Security and privacy → Distributed systems security; Domainspecific security and privacy architectures; • Computing methodologies → Distributed computing methodologies; • Computer systems organization → Peer-to-peer architectures; Reliability.  \nKeywords  \nRaft consensus, Byzantine fault tolerance, Trust and reputation model, Blockchain security, Leader election, Schnorr signature  \nACM Reference Format:  \nJie Zhang, Xubo Fan, Xiaohong Li, and Zhiyong Feng. 2026. TRM-Raft: A Byzantine-Resistant Raft Consensus via Integrated Trust","cbCaivTGCScw2w6p","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivTGCScw2w6p","pdf",6804193,5,1,11,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Byzantine vulnerabilities in Raft\n## Forgery attacks on leader election\n## TRM-Raft overview and design goals\n# TRM-Raft mechanisms\n## Reputation-aware election and adaptive penalties\n## Schnorr-signature-based leader restriction\n## Reputation-driven detection of log tampering\n# Evaluation results\n## Hyperledger Fabric deployment\n## Malicious leader ratio under Byzantine load\n## Performance impact vs. vanilla Raft\n# Conclusion","[{\"question\":\"Why is standard Raft vulnerable in Internetware environments?\",\"answer\":\"Raft assumes a crash-fault model where nodes do not deviate from the protocol. In open Internetware settings, adversaries can compromise nodes and perform Byzantine actions such as election forgery and log tampering, threatening consistency and availability.\"},{\"question\":\"How does TRM-Raft incorporate trust and reputation into consensus?\",\"answer\":\"TRM-Raft non-intrusively integrates a blockchain-based trust and reputation model into Raft’s consensus core. It quantifies multi-dimensional node behaviors, applies adaptive penalties to separate accidental faults from persistent malice, and injects reputation signals into leader election and log replication.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do Schnorr signatures play in TRM-Raft?\",\"answer\":\"TRM-Raft uses a Schnorr-signature-based leader restriction mechanism that allows followers to instantly verify log integrity. Any detected tampering triggers reputation decay and causes leader replacement.\"}]",1784195331,28,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":28},"trm-raft-a-byzantine-resistant-raft-consensus-via-integrated-trust-and-reputation-model","",{"@graph":36,"@context":86},[37,54,69],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/trm-raft-a-byzantine-resistant-raft-consensus-via-integrated-trust-and-reputation-model/84402/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-27","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"Why is standard Raft vulnerable in Internetware environments?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"Raft assumes a crash-fault model where nodes do not deviate from the protocol. In open Internetware settings, adversaries can compromise nodes and perform Byzantine actions such as election forgery and log tampering, threatening consistency and availability.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does TRM-Raft incorporate trust and reputation into consensus?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"TRM-Raft non-intrusively integrates a blockchain-based trust and reputation model into Raft’s consensus core. It quantifies multi-dimensional node behaviors, applies adaptive penalties to separate accidental faults from persistent malice, and injects reputation signals into leader election and log replication.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What role do Schnorr signatures play in TRM-Raft?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"TRM-Raft uses a Schnorr-signature-based leader restriction mechanism that allows followers to instantly verify log integrity. Any detected tampering triggers reputation decay and causes leader replacement.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":88,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":90,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":93},[94,98,102,106,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":20,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]