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It examines the relationship between young drivers’ accident liability and the roles of age versus driving experience, then evaluates hazard perception as a measurable, trainable skill linked to accident involvement. It describes work with the NFER test development, selection of effective items, validation efforts, and the transition from research findings to licensing and policy implementation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/trl-report-558-development-of-hazard-perception-testing/295341/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/trl-report-558-development-of-hazard-perception-testing/295341.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Ava Thompson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-18",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",15,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why was a hazard perception test considered for the learner licensing system?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Because hazard perception ability is linked to accident involvement and can be improved through training, introducing hazard perception training at scale was expected to reduce early accident liability.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What problem does the report address regarding young drivers?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Young drivers are overrepresented in accidents, and the report reviews whether this is due to immaturity or inexperience, highlighting that experience is a major contributor when age and experience are correlated.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How did the project develop and refine hazard perception testing items?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"A first stage involved working with NFER to build reliable psychometric tests, then additional TRL work evaluated and selected the most effective items, using a blueprint approach to define the required item types.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},295341,1789718208,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":130,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1649267921044,"https://us-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1800007509477c92dfb?_k=1786009248482753345","The development of hazard perception testing  \nPrepared for Road Safety Division, Department for Transport  \nG B Grayson and B F Sexton  \nTRL Report TRL558  \nFirst Published 2002  \nISSN 0968-4107  \nCopyright TRL Limited 2002.  \nThis report has been produced by TRL Limited, under/as part of a contract placed by the Department for Transport. Any views expressed in it are not necessarily those of the Department.  \nTRL is committed to optimising energy efficiency, reducing waste and promoting recycling and re-use. In support of these environmental goals, this report has been printed on recycled paper, comprising 100% post-consumer waste, manufactured using a TCF (totally chlorine free) process.  \nCONTENTS  \nPage  \nExecutive Summary 1  \n1 Introduction 3  \n2 Hazard perception as a research tool 4  \n2.1 Developments 4  \n2.2 Accident liability studies 4  \n2.3 HP training studies 4  \n3 From research to policy 5  \n3.1 Procedures 5  \n3.2 The issue of measurement 5  \n4 The NFER test 6  \n4.1 Objectives 6  \n4.2 Procedure 6  \n4.3 Results 7  \n4.4 Validation 10  \n5 The TRL project 11  \n5.1 Objectives 11  \n5.2 Use of existing test material 11  \n5.3 Test development 12  \n5.4 Training material 15  \n5.5 Training trial 16  \n6 Implementation 20  \n7 Summary and Conclusions 20  \n8 References 21  \nAbstract 23  \nRelated publications 23  \niv  \nExecutive Summary   \nThe decision to add a hazard perception test to the Theory Test that must be passed before learner drivers can take their practical driving test was preceded by an extensive programme of research and development. This report describes this work and its background.  \nIntroduction  \nIt has long been recognised that young drivers are overrepresented in accidents. There has been an equally long debate about whether the ‘young driver problem’ arises because young drivers are immature, or because they are inexperienced. A basic problem is that age and experience are usually highly correlated, in that the majority of inexperienced drivers are also young drivers. The age versus experience issue is not just of academic interest, for there are clear implications for safety countermeasures. Ata practical level, maturity cannot be accelerated, while the lessons of experience can-in principle-be taught. A number of TRL studies using multivariate modelling of accidents have established that it is experience that is the main contributor to the higher accident rates of young drivers, with one study (Forsyth et al. , 1995) showing that for young drivers the effect of experience alone over the first three years of driving was some four times that of age.  \nBackground  \nIn the first few years, a new driver is learning not just new skills, but formulating new rules, developing a new repertoire of strategies, and learning new patterns of interaction. However, much of this process takes place inan unstructured and informal way, with no guarantee that what is learned is the most appropriate for the safety of the traffic system. Given the importance of experience in reducing accident liability, it would clearly be desirable if the lessons of experience could be imparted by some formal intervention, rather than being acquired in an uncontrolled learning situation. A candidate for intervention of this sort needs to be a variable that is:  \n􀀁 capable of being measured objectively and reliably;  \n􀀁 related to driving experience;  \n􀀁 amenable to improvement through training; and  \n􀀁 related to accident involvement.  \nA review of the literature provides strong support for the use of hazard perception. The theoretical basis is sound, and there is good evidence that it is a skill that improves with experience and expertise. Research has shown that hazard perception is capable of being improved through training, and a number of studies have indicated that poor hazard perception skills are associated with elevated accident risk. Hazard perception thus became a candidate for inclusion in the licensing system. The justification f","cbCaice3S2EJM546","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaice3S2EJM546","pdf",167377,28,"English","# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# Hazard perception as a research tool\n## Developments\n## Accident liability studies\n## HP training studies\n# From research to policy\n## Procedures\n## The issue of measurement\n# The NFER test\n## Objectives\n## Procedure\n## Results\n## Validation\n# The TRL project\n## Objectives\n## Use of existing test material\n## Test development\n## Training material\n## Training trial\n# Implementation\n# Summary and Conclusions\n# References","[{\"question\":\"Why was a hazard perception test considered for the learner licensing system?\",\"answer\":\"Because hazard perception ability is linked to accident involvement and can be improved through training, introducing hazard perception training at scale was expected to reduce early accident liability.\"},{\"question\":\"What problem does the report address regarding young drivers?\",\"answer\":\"Young drivers are overrepresented in accidents, and the report reviews whether this is due to immaturity or inexperience, highlighting that experience is a major contributor when age and experience are correlated.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the project develop and refine hazard perception testing items?\",\"answer\":\"A first stage involved working with NFER to build reliable psychometric tests, then additional TRL work evaluated and selected the most effective items, using a blueprint approach to define the required item types.\"}]","TRL Report 558 - development of hazard perception testing | PDF",71]