[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-381259-105":59,"doc-detail-381259-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","trial-watch-an-update-of-clinical-advances-in-photodynamic-therapy-and-its-immunoadjuvant-properties-for-cancer-treatment","Trial watch - an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment","","Photodynamic therapy (PDT) targets solid tumors by combining a photosensitizing agent with light to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), producing strong oxidative stress that selectively injures illuminated tissues. Preclinical work suggests PDT can prime systemic anti-tumor immunity, yet clinical evidence remains limited. Over the past decade, multiple trials have advanced PDT protocols, but many have not addressed the immunological dimension. PDT’s immunomodulatory effects may be integrated with standard care or immunotherapies, including immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), though patient-level value is still under investigation. This Trial Watch summarizes recent clinical findings and ongoing trials, and outlines future oncology perspectives.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/trial-watch-an-update-of-clinical-advances-in-photodynamic-therapy-and-its-immunoadjuvant-properties-for-cancer-treatment/381259/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/trial-watch-an-update-of-clinical-advances-in-photodynamic-therapy-and-its-immunoadjuvant-properties-for-cancer-treatment/381259.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mia  ","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does photodynamic therapy work to treat solid tumors?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"PDT administers a photosensitizing agent that is activated by visible or near-infrared light. In the presence of oxygen, it promptly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes acute oxidative stress that damages illuminated tissues, including cancer cells.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What is the difference between long and short drug-to-light intervals (DLI) in PDT?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"With a long DLI, the photosensitizer can be internalized by cancer cells, so ROS can directly kill tumor cells (cellular-PDT). With a short DLI, PDT primarily damages tumor vasculature (vascular-PDT), indirectly killing cancer cells by disrupting nutrient and oxygen supply.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why is combining PDT with immunotherapy currently of interest?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"PDT can modulate immunity and may be synergistic with immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in preclinical models. The document notes that the clinical benefit in patients remains unknown because trials evaluating PDT plus ICBs are only just starting.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},381259,1790276298,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31},687207024478,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Trial watch: an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment  \nMafalda Penetra, Luís G. Arnaut, and Lígia C. Gomes-da-Silva   \nCQC-Coimbra Chemistry Center, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal  \nABSTRACT  \nPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a medical treatment used to target solid tumors, where the administration of a photosensitizing agent and light generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus resulting in strong oxidative stress that selectively damages the illuminated tissues. Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that PDT can prime the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells throughout the body. However, there is still limited evidence of PDT-mediated anti-tumor immunity in clinical settings. In the last decade, several clinical trials on PDT for cancer treatment have been initiated, indicating that significant efforts are being made to improve current PDT protocols. However, most of these studies disregarded the immunological dimension of PDT. The immunomodulatory properties of PDT can be combined with standard therapy and/or emerging immunotherapies, such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs), to achieve better disease control. Combining PDT with immunotherapy has shown synergistic effects in some preclinical models. However, the value of this combination in patients is still unknown, asthe first clinical trials evaluating the combination of PDT with ICBs are just being initiated. Overall, this Trial Watch provides a summary of recent clinical information on the immunomodulatory properties of PDT and ongoing clinical trials using PDT to treat cancer patients. It also discusses the future perspectives of PDT for oncological indications.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 23 May 2023 Revised 12 June 2023 Accepted 13 June 2023  \nKEYWORDS  \nanti-tumor immunity; cancer; clinical trials; photodynamic therapy  \nIntroduction  \nIn 1900, a German medical student, named Oscar Raab, discovered by accident that acridine orange dye could kill protozoa in the presence of light. Later, in the second half of the twentieth century, Thomas Dougherty furthered this discovery by finding that hematoporphyrin derivatives (HpD) obtained from hemin in blood could be used to treat solid tumors with the aid of light. This led to the inception of modern Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)1,2.  \nPDT is a medical treatment that requires a molecule (named photosensitizer) that is activated by visible or near infrared light. When the photosensitizer is photoactivated in the presence of molecular oxygen (O2), reactive oxygen species (ROS) are promptly generated. The acute oxidative stress associated with PDT can be used to selectively kill cancer cells and other abnormal cells in the body3,4. In clinical practice, PDT is a twostep treatment modality that begins with the intravenous administration (iv) of the photosensitizer or its topical application to the skin. After a specific period of time, known as drugto-light interval (DLI), the photosensitizer is activated at tumor sites using an external light source (e.g. laser or LED) ata wavelength that matches the lowest energy band of the photosensitizer. Ideally, this wavelength should be between 650 and 850 nm to allow deeper light penetration into the tumor tissues3. Clinically approved photosensitizers are typically administered for several hours (or even days) in advance of the light treatment. These protocols with a long DLI allow  \nenough time for the photosensitizer to be internalized by the cancer cells, meaning that generated ROS can directly damage and kill the cancer cells (cellular-PDT) . In contrast, PDT with a short DLI (e.g. 15 minutes) destroys the tumor vasculature (vascular-PDT), killing cancer cells indirectly by interrupting their supply of nutrients and oxygen3,5,6.  \nPDT is mainly being used to treat skin cancer, such as basal cell carcinoma, and other skin-related disorders, like actinickeratoses and acne rosacea7. ","cbCaislK1Sr3sBjn","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaislK1Sr3sBjn","pdf",1890623,"English","# Introduction\n## Photodynamic therapy: mechanism and clinical workflow\n## Clinical use, scope, and side effects\n## Historical milestones and current limitations\n# Article metadata\n## Abstract\n## Keywords\n## Article history","[{\"question\":\"How does photodynamic therapy work to treat solid tumors?\",\"answer\":\"PDT administers a photosensitizing agent that is activated by visible or near-infrared light. In the presence of oxygen, it promptly generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) and causes acute oxidative stress that damages illuminated tissues, including cancer cells.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the difference between long and short drug-to-light intervals (DLI) in PDT?\",\"answer\":\"With a long DLI, the photosensitizer can be internalized by cancer cells, so ROS can directly kill tumor cells (cellular-PDT). With a short DLI, PDT primarily damages tumor vasculature (vascular-PDT), indirectly killing cancer cells by disrupting nutrient and oxygen supply.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is combining PDT with immunotherapy currently of interest?\",\"answer\":\"PDT can modulate immunity and may be synergistic with immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) in preclinical models. The document notes that the clinical benefit in patients remains unknown because trials evaluating PDT plus ICBs are only just starting.\"}]","Trial watch - an update of clinical advances in photodynamic therapy and its immunoadjuvant properties for cancer treatment | PDF",1790244481]