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This multi-center cohort study examined whether antihistamine use is associated with the risk of liver cancer among individuals with viral hepatitis. Patients diagnosed with hepatitis B or hepatitis C between January 2008 and March 2022 were followed for five years. Primary outcomes were new-onset liver cancer incidence and adjusted hazard ratios. Results showed higher incidence and significantly increased risk in antihistamine users overall and in hepatitis C subgroup analyses, warranting long-term validation.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/treatment-with-antihistamines-and-the-risk-of-liver-cancer-in-patients-with-viral-hepatitis-a-multi-center-cohort-study/330893/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/treatment-with-antihistamines-and-the-risk-of-liver-cancer-in-patients-with-viral-hepatitis-a-multi-center-cohort-study/330893.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Maeve","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-23","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What question did the study investigate?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigated whether antihistamine use is associated with the risk of new-onset liver cancer in individuals with viral hepatitis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were participants grouped and followed?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants diagnosed with hepatitis B or hepatitis C between January 2008 and March 2022 were followed for five years; antihistamine-treated patients used the prescription date as the index date, while non-users used the hepatitis diagnosis date.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main findings about liver cancer risk?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Antihistamine users with viral hepatitis had a higher incidence of liver cancer and a significantly increased adjusted hazard ratio. 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Treatment with Antihistamines and the Risk of Liver Cancer in Patients with Viral Hepatitis: A Multi-Center Cohort Study. Viruses 2024, 16, 940 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060940](https://doi.org/10.3390/v16060940)  \nAcademic Editor: Prasanth Puthanveetil  \nReceived: 17 May 2024  \nAccepted: 4 June 2024  \nPublished: 11 June 2024  \nCorrection Statement: This article has been republished with a minor change. The change does not affect the scientific content of the article and further details are available within the backmatter of the website version of this article.  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Internal Medicine, Weiss Memorial Hospital/University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60640, USA; [chan0514.eras@gmail.com](chan0514.eras@gmail.com) (S.-Y.C.); [natchayap.md@gmail.com](natchayap.md@gmail.com) (N.P.)  \n2 Department of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan; [yugi0604@gmail.com](yugi0604@gmail.com)  \n3 Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 402306, Taiwan  \n4 School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 402306, Taiwan  \n5 Center for Global Health, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA  \n* Correspondence: [leey521@gmail.com](leey521@gmail.com) (Y.-T.L.); [kevinskma1@gmail.com](kevinskma1@gmail.com) (K.S.-K.M.)  \nAbstract: Background: The effects of antihistamines on cancer risk and prognosis have been inconsistent across cancers. The aim of this multi-center cohort study was to investigate the association between antihistamine use and the risk of liver cancer in individuals with viral hepatitis. Methods: This multi-center cohort study included individuals diagnosed with hepatitis B or hepatitis C between January 2008 and March 2022 . For antihistamine-treated patients, the index date was the date of antihistamine prescription, and for non-users, it was the date of hepatitis diagnosis. Participants were followed for five years, with the primary outcome of interest being new-onset liver cancer. The incidence rate and the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) along with its 95% confidence interval (CI) of the outcome were calculated. Subgroup analyses were conducted, stratified by types of viral hepatitis including hepatitis C and hepatitis B. An additional validation study was performed. Results: The study included a total of 7748 patients with viral hepatitis. The incidence rate was 12.58 per 1000 person-years in patients with viral hepatitis on antihistamines, compared to 3.88 per 1000 person-years in those without antihistamine use. After adjusting for factors including age, sex, body mass index (BMI), comorbidities, laboratory data of liver function tests, comedications, and the use of antiviral therapies, the risk of new-onset liver cancer was significantly higher inpatients on antihistamines (aHR = 1.83, 95% CI, 1.28–2.60) . In patients with hepatitis C, the incidence rate in the antihistamine group was 15.73 per 1000 person-years, while non-users had a rate of 4.79 per 1000 person-years. Patients with hepatitis C on antihistamines had a significantly higher risk of developing liver cancer (aHR = 3.24, 95% CI, 2.16–4.86) . Conclusions: This multi-center cohort study reported an increased risk of liver cancer in pat","cbCaillG9UZjKRJc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaillG9UZjKRJc","pdf",939775,11,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusions\n# Introduction\n## Viral hepatitis and liver cancer burden\n## Rationale for antihistamines","[{\"question\":\"What question did the study investigate?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigated whether antihistamine use is associated with the risk of new-onset liver cancer in individuals with viral hepatitis.\"},{\"question\":\"How were participants grouped and followed?\",\"answer\":\"Participants diagnosed with hepatitis B or hepatitis C between January 2008 and March 2022 were followed for five years; antihistamine-treated patients used the prescription date as the index date, while non-users used the hepatitis diagnosis date.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main findings about liver cancer risk?\",\"answer\":\"Antihistamine users with viral hepatitis had a higher incidence of liver cancer and a significantly increased adjusted hazard ratio. In the hepatitis C subgroup, the antihistamine group also showed a higher incidence and a significantly higher adjusted hazard ratio.\"}]","Treatment with Antihistamines and the Risk of Liver Cancer in Patients with Viral Hepatitis - A Multi-Center Cohort Study | PDF",1789990641,28]