[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-439547-105":59,"doc-detail-439547-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","transverse-electric-cherenkov-radiation-for-tev-scale-particle-detection","Transverse-Electric Cherenkov Radiation for TeV-Scale Particle Detection","","High-energy particle identification via Cherenkov radiation is limited by conventional detectors, which cannot measure momenta beyond tens of GeV/c due to the lack of natural materials with refractive indices close to unity. The study demonstrates directional Cherenkov radiation from transverse-electric (TE) graphene plasmons excited by fast charged particles above suspended monolayer graphene. TE graphene plasmons provide a near-unity mode index, sharply enhancing sensitivity of the Cherenkov angle up to the TeV/c regime while remaining robust to particle-graphene separation changes. The electrically tunable, ultracompact on-chip platform extends measurable momenta by two orders of magnitude beyond existing detectors.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/transverse-electric-cherenkov-radiation-for-tev-scale-particle-detection/439547/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/transverse-electric-cherenkov-radiation-for-tev-scale-particle-detection/439547.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Bintang","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What limits conventional Cherenkov detectors at high particle momenta?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Their performance is fundamentally constrained by the refractive index of the host material. As momenta increase toward relativistic velocities, the Cherenkov angle becomes less sensitive to particle velocity, making traditional detectors ineffective.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"How does the approach using transverse-electric (TE) graphene plasmons improve detection?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"Directional Cherenkov radiation is generated from TE graphene plasmons excited by swift charged particles above suspended monolayer graphene, with a near-unity mode index that preserves strong Cherenkov-angle sensitivity up to the TeV/c regime.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"What advantages does the TE graphene plasmon platform offer for practical implementation?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"It is ultracompact and electrically tunable for on-chip, reconfigurable detection, and it maintains robustness against changes in particle-graphene separation thanks to the TE mode’s low transverse decay rate.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":123,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":125,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":127,"site_id":62},439547,1790689163,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":130},{"doc_id":127,"user_id":131,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":132,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":133,"file_id":134,"file_url":135,"file_type":136,"file_size":137,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":39,"language":138,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":139,"faqs":140,"seo_title":141,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":128,"read_time":46},962085564381,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_6f874abed73319feea01a86fa6f0fab8","RESEARCH ARTICLE  \n[www.advancedscience.com](www.advancedscience.com)  \nTransverse-Electric Cherenkov Radiation for TeV-Scale Particle Detection  \nZhixiong Xie, Xiao Lin, Song Zhu, Chunyu Huang, Yu Luo,* and Hao Hu*  \nCherenkov radiation enables high-energy particle identification through its velocity-dependent emission angle, yet conventional detectors fail to detect momenta beyond tens of GeV/c owing to the absence of natural materials with near-unity refractive indices. The limitation is overcome by demonstrating directional Cherenkov radiation from transverse-electric (TE) graphene plasmons, excited by a swift charged particle travelling above suspended monolayer graphene. Crucially, TE graphene plasmons exhibit a near-unity mode index, sustaining high sensitivity of the Cherenkov angle to relativistic velocities up to the TeV/c regime. The radiation further maintains exceptional robustness against particle-graphene separation changes, enabled by the TE mode’s low transverse decay rate. This ultracompact platform is electrically tunable, allowing on-chip, reconfigurable detection of ultrahigh-energy particles and extending measurable momenta by two orders of magnitude beyond existing detectors.  \ncharacteristic conical emission pattern aligned with the particle trajectory. According to Frank and Tamm’s theory,[2,3] the emission angle 􀀂 (known as the Cherenkov angle) satisfies cos􀀂 = c/nve in homogeneous isotropic media, where c is the lightspeed in vacuum, ve is the particle velocity and n is the refractive index of the medium. The dependence of this angle on the particle velocity forms the basis of Cherenkov detectors, leading to the discovery of many elementary particles such as anti-protons and J/􀀃 particles. [4–6]  \nHowever, the performance of conventional Cherenkov detectors is fundamentally constrained by the refractive indexof the host materials. Accurate identification of high-momentum particles (i.e., with ve → c) requires host materials with a refractive index decreasingly close to unity  \n1. Introduction  \nCherenkov radiation, first experimentally discovered by P. A. Cherenkov in 1934,[1] is an electromagnetic radiation phenomenon wherein photons are emitted by a charged particle traveling faster than the phase velocity of light in a transparent medium. Cherenkov radiation is highly directional, forming a  \nZ. Xie, S. Zhu, C. Huang, Y. Luo, H. Hu  \nNational Key Laboratory of Microwave Photonics College of Electronic and Information Engineering Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing 211106, China  \nE-mail: [yu.luo@nuaa.edu.cn](yu.luo@nuaa.edu.cn); [hao.hu@nuaa.edu.cn](hao.hu@nuaa.edu.cn)  \nX. Lin  \nInterdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information  \nState Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation Zhejiang University  \nHangzhou 310027, China  \nX. Lin  \nInternational Joint Innovation Center The Electromagnetics Academy at Zhejiang University Zhejiang University  \nHaining 314400, China  \nThe ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article  \ncan be found under [https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202513589](https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202513589)[ ](https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202513589)© 2025 The Author(s). Advanced Science published by Wiley-VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.  \nDOI: 10.1002/advs.202513589  \n(i.e., n → 1) . [7–11] For instance, silicon aerogel detectors, whose host material with different structures typically has a refractive index ranging from 1.005 to 1.060, can effectively discriminate particles only up to momenta ˜10 GeV/c. [8,11–13] Further increase of particle momentum makes the Cherenkov angle insensitive to particle velocity, rendering traditional detectors ineffective. Therefore, overcoming this intrinsic material constraint is essential for enhancing the capabilities of Cherenkov-b","cbCaiuXtr5zibJ6b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuXtr5zibJ6b","pdf",2120106,"English","# Introduction\n## Cherenkov radiation and conventional detector limits\n## Refractive-index constraint and momentum reach\n## Proposed approaches using advanced materials and structures\n## Plasmonic/phononic structures for Cherenkov control","[{\"question\":\"What limits conventional Cherenkov detectors at high particle momenta?\",\"answer\":\"Their performance is fundamentally constrained by the refractive index of the host material. As momenta increase toward relativistic velocities, the Cherenkov angle becomes less sensitive to particle velocity, making traditional detectors ineffective.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the approach using transverse-electric (TE) graphene plasmons improve detection?\",\"answer\":\"Directional Cherenkov radiation is generated from TE graphene plasmons excited by swift charged particles above suspended monolayer graphene, with a near-unity mode index that preserves strong Cherenkov-angle sensitivity up to the TeV/c regime.\"},{\"question\":\"What advantages does the TE graphene plasmon platform offer for practical implementation?\",\"answer\":\"It is ultracompact and electrically tunable for on-chip, reconfigurable detection, and it maintains robustness against changes in particle-graphene separation thanks to the TE mode’s low transverse decay rate.\"}]","Transverse-Electric Cherenkov Radiation for TeV-Scale Particle Detection | PDF"]