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A clinical study evaluated fluorescence polarization of methylene blue stained fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology to enable rapid, accurate, and minimally invasive cellular-level detection. Cancerous, benign, and normal cells were imaged and compared with histopathology across 3808 cells from 44 FNAs. MB fluorescence polarization produced significant quantitative contrast between malignant and benign/normal cells and correlated with tumor grade, indicating a reliable diagnostic marker and potential to reduce indeterminate cytopathology.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/translational-potential-of-fluorescence-polarization-for-breast-cancer-cytopathology/376583/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/translational-potential-of-fluorescence-polarization-for-breast-cancer-cytopathology/376583.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":52},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why is breast FNA cytology diagnostic accuracy limited?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"FNA cytology depends on subjective, visual assessment of cytomorphology of single cells. 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Jermain 1,2, Dina H. Kandil 3, Alona Muzikansky 4, Ashraf Khan 5 and Anna N. Yaroslavsky 1,6, *  \nCitation: Jermain, P.R.; Kandil, D.H.; Muzikansky, A.; Khan, A.; Yaroslavsky, A.N. Translational Potential of Fluorescence Polarization for Breast Cancer Cytopathology. Cancers 2023, 15, 1501. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051501](doi.org/10.3390/cancers15051501)  \nAcademic Editor: Hiroko Yamashita  \nReceived: 19 January 2023  \nRevised: 24 February 2023  \nAccepted: 26 February 2023  \nPublished: 27 February 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Advanced Biophotonics Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA  \n2 Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA  \n3 Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA  \n4 Biostatistics Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA  \n5 Department of Pathology, UMass Chan Medical School-Baystate, Baystate Health, Springfield, MA 01199, USA  \n6 Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA  \n* Correspondence: [ayaroslavsky@mgh.harvard.edu](ayaroslavsky@mgh.harvard.edu); Tel.: +1-978-934-3766  \nSimple Summary: The evaluation of breast fine needle aspiration cytology specimens requires subjective, visual assessments of cytomorphology, resulting in suboptimal diagnostic accuracy. The fluorescence polarization of methylene blue demonstrated significant potential as a quantitative marker for cellular level breast cancer diagnosis in clinical aspirates. Results indicate the technology could be implemented as a standalone approach for breast cancer detection in singe cells or augment conventional approaches to reduce the incidence of indeterminate cytopathology.  \nAbstract: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. The standard of care for diagnosis involves invasive core needle biopsy followed by time-consuming histopathological evaluation. A rapid, accurate, and minimally invasive method to diagnose breast cancer would be invaluable. Therefore, this clinical study investigated the fluorescence polarization (Fpol) of the cytological stain methylene blue (MB) for the quantitative detection of breast cancer in fine needle aspiration (FNA) specimens. Cancerous, benign, and normal cells were aspirated from excess breast tissues immediately following surgery. The cells were stained in aqueous MB solution (0.05 mg/mL) and imaged using multimodal confocal microscopy. The system provided MB Fpol and fluorescence emission images of the cells. Results from optical imaging were compared to clinical histopathology. In total, we imaged and analyzed 3808 cells from 44 breast FNAs. Fpol images displayed quantitative contrast between cancerous and noncancerous cells, whereas fluorescence emission images showed the morphological features comparable to cytology. Statistical analysis demonstrated that MB Fpol is significantly higher (p \u003C 0.0001) in malignant vs. benign/normal cells. It also revealed a correlation between MB Fpol values and tumor grade. The results indicate that MB Fpol could provide a reliable, quantitative diagnostic marker for breast cancer at the cellular level.  \nKeywords: breast cancer; cytopathology; methylene blue; fluorescence polarization; microscopy  \n1. Introduction  \nBreast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths and the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women in the United States [1] . Its incidence has increased considerably over the past few decades ","cbCaity5Cth2zgKJ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaity5Cth2zgKJ","pdf",2735889,12,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction","[{\"question\":\"Why is breast FNA cytology diagnostic accuracy limited?\",\"answer\":\"FNA cytology depends on subjective, visual assessment of cytomorphology of single cells. The lack of tissue architecture and variability in interpretation, especially in borderline lesions, reduces accuracy.\"},{\"question\":\"What was the main goal of this study?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate whether fluorescence polarization of the cytological stain methylene blue can quantitatively detect breast cancer in FNA specimens at the cellular level.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about MB fluorescence polarization?\",\"answer\":\"MB fluorescence polarization was significantly higher in malignant cells than in benign/normal cells (p \\u003c 0.0001). It also correlated with tumor grade and supported morphological findings comparable to cytology.\"}]","Translational Potential of Fluorescence Polarization for Breast Cancer Cytopathology | PDF",1790220080]