[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-590258-105":59,"doc-detail-590258-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","transforming-political-divides-how-student-identities-and-campus-contexts-shape-interpartisan-friendships","Transforming Political Divides - How Student Identities and Campus Contexts Shape Interpartisan Friendships","","Recent evidence suggests that only about 1 in 5 U.S. adults has a friend on the political “other side,” making interpartisan friendships relatively rare. Yet such relationships can catalyze empathy, reduce prejudice, further justice, and restore democracy. Using national IDEALS data, the study analyzes personal and contextual predictors of interpartisan friendship formation among 5,762 college students across 118 U.S. institutions, identifying individual, social, and institutional contributors and offering guidance for educators.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/transforming-political-divides-how-student-identities-and-campus-contexts-shape-interpartisan-friendships/590258/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/transforming-political-divides-how-student-identities-and-campus-contexts-shape-interpartisan-friendships/590258.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Adam","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":14},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are interpartisan friendships considered important despite being uncommon?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"They can strengthen empathy, reduce prejudice, support justice, and help restore democracy, reflecting the theory of civic friendship.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What data and sample does the study use to analyze interpartisan friendships?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study uses national IDEALS data and examines 5,762 college students from 118 higher education institutions in the United States.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which factors does the study identify as contributors to students’ ability to form cross-political friendships?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It finds a constellation of individual, social, and institutional contributors that predict interpartisan friendship formation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},590258,1792420495,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":14,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1374404737137,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d","AERA Open  \nJanuary-December 2024, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 1–15 DOI: 10. 1177/23328584231222475  \nArticle reuse guidelines: [sagepub.com/journals-permissions](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)[ ](sagepub.com/journals-permissions)© The Author(s) 2024. [https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero](https://journals.sagepub.com/home/ero)  \nTransforming Political Divides: How Student Identities and Campus Contexts Shape Interpartisan Friendships  \nAlyssa N. Rockenbach  \nNorth Carolina State University  \nTara D. Hudson  \nKent State University  \nRecent evidence suggests that only about 1 in 5 U.S. adults has a friend on the political “other side”(Dunn, 2020). Although these interpartisan friendships are uncommon, they play a critical role in catalyzing empathy, reducing prejudice, furthering justice, and even restoring democracy, as suggested by the theory of civic friendship (Goering, 2003; Kahane, 1999; Rawlins, 2009). In the present study, we drew on national data from the Interfaith Diversity Experiences and Attitudes Longitudinal Survey (IDEALS) to examine the personal and contextual factors that predict interpartisan friendship formation among 5,762 college students attending 118 higher education institutions in the United States. The findings revealed the constellation of individual, social, and institutional contributors to students’ capacities to reach across political differences in their friendships. We offer guidance for how college educators can support the development of these relationships that may open a path toward empathy and healing in our polarized society.  \nKeywords: college, colleges, differences, diversity, friendship, higher education, longitudinal studies, peer interaction/ friendship, regression analyses, student development, students, survey research  \nIn his 2021 Memorial Day speech, President Biden declared that “he believes that ‘empathy is the fuel of democracy’and asked Americans to ‘see each other not as enemies even when we disagree’”(Garcia, 2021, p. 1). Yet, popular rhetoric and news media coverage assert that political differences have become more deeply entrenched in the United States in recent years and that few are willing to reach across these boundaries to form relationships with those on the “other side.” Recognizing our deep-seated partisan divisions, sociologist Arlie Hochschild (2018) identified four steps that those within “liberal enclaves” need to take in order to “fix American democracy”; one step is “to reach out to people who grew up in geographic regions, classes, or religious groups very different from our own”(p. 1) .  \nRecent evidence suggests that friendships across political differences (i.e., interpartisan friendships) are lamentably uncommon. A study by the Pew Research Center, conducted several months prior to the November 2020 U.S. presidential election, found that 39% of Trump supporters and 42% of Biden supporters reported having no friends who supported the other candidate, while only 22% of each group reported having at least some friends who supported the other candidate (Dunn, 2020). Pointing to higher education’s promising  \nrole in reducing political polarization, interpartisan friendships were somewhat more common among both Trump and Biden supporters with four-year college degrees (Dunn, 2020) . Although friendship might be more likely among those who share political beliefs, there is nonetheless a robust minority of individuals who choose to form close relationships with those on the political “other side”—more than 1 in 5 U.S. adults, according to the Pew survey (Dunn, 2020) . More research is needed to understand the factors that support the development of friendships that cross political boundaries—and what attending college may contribute to this process.  \nLiterature Review  \nOur present study on college students’ interpartisan friendships, as well as our prior work on friendships across worldview differences (Hudson et al. , 2021, 2022), is founded on the theory of","cbCaikJALdCSR9MT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikJALdCSR9MT","pdf",646685,15,"English","# Literature Review\n## Theory of civic friendship and political functions of friendship\n# Study Background and Rationale\n## Interpartisan friendships and their social significance","[{\"question\":\"Why are interpartisan friendships considered important despite being uncommon?\",\"answer\":\"They can strengthen empathy, reduce prejudice, support justice, and help restore democracy, reflecting the theory of civic friendship.\"},{\"question\":\"What data and sample does the study use to analyze interpartisan friendships?\",\"answer\":\"The study uses national IDEALS data and examines 5,762 college students from 118 higher education institutions in the United States.\"},{\"question\":\"Which factors does the study identify as contributors to students’ ability to form cross-political friendships?\",\"answer\":\"It finds a constellation of individual, social, and institutional contributors that predict interpartisan friendship formation.\"}]","Transforming Political Divides - How Student Identities and Campus Contexts Shape Interpartisan Friendships | PDF",1792069186,38]