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Using the Granger Panel Causality Test, it constructs a panel dataset for 25 available OECD countries over 2006–2017. The Global Competitiveness Index serves as the outcome variable, while higher-education indicators include schooling, employment, expenditures, education and research quality, scientific publication performance, R&D investment, and university-industry cooperation. Results show bilateral short-term causality between higher-education variables and global competitiveness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/transformation-of-knowledge-into-economic-value-in-higher-education-and-global-competitiveness-a-panel-causality-analysis-on-oecd-countries/603110/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/transformation-of-knowledge-into-economic-value-in-higher-education-and-global-competitiveness-a-panel-causality-analysis-on-oecd-countries/603110.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"MrHarris58","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Which method is used to analyze the relationship between higher education and global competitiveness?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study applies the Granger Panel Causality Test for panel data analysis.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What countries and time period are included in the dataset?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The analysis uses panel data from 25 OECD countries for which data are available between 2006 and 2017.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What indicators are used to represent higher education?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Higher education is represented by variables such as higher-education schooling rates, graduate employment rates, public spending, education system quality, research institution quality, publication performance, higher-education R&D expenditures, and university-industry cooperation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},603110,1792165100,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},687212988360,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Transformation of Knowledge into Economic Value in Higher Education and Global Competitiveness: A Panel Causality Analysis on OECD Countries  \nKadir SAİN1  \nMinistry of National Education  \nKurtuluş BOZKURT2  \nAydın Adnan Menderes University  \nAbstract  \nEntrepreneurial and innovative higher education institutions of the 21st century have become the driving forces of social development, economic growth and global competitiveness by improving human capital through the educational and instructional services they offer, producing qualified scientific information through the scientific research they conduct and by fulfilling an important responsibility in the solution of social problems. In the current study, the effect of higher education on global competition in the context of the transformation of knowledge into economic value in OECD countries was analyzed with the Granger Panel Causality Test. In the application part, a panel data set was created with the data collected from 25 OECD countries for which data were available for the period 2006-2017. The Global Competitiveness Index variable was taken as the basis to reveal the global competitiveness of the countries included in the analysis. In order to reveal the status of their higher education, the gross schooling rate in higher education, the employment rate of the population with higher education, public expenditures on higher education, the quality of the education system, the quality of scientific research institutions, the performance of scientific publications, the R&D expenditures made by higher education and the university-industry cooperation variables were taken as the basis. As a result of the application, it was determined that each variable representing higher education has a bilateral causality relationship in the short term with the Global Competitiveness Index representing global competition.  \nKeywords: Higher education, global competition, knowledge, economic value, OECD, panel causality test  \nDOI: 10.29329/epasr.2023 .600.11  \nSubmitted: 17 May 2023 Accepted: 31 July 2023 Published: 30 September 2023  \n1Dr., Ministry of National Education, Ankara, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-0002-6923-5268  \nCorrespondence: [sainkadir33@gmail.com](sainkadir33@gmail.com)  \n2Assoc. Prof, Söke Faculty of Business Administration, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Türkiye, ORCID: 0000-  \n0002-9098-9208, [Email: kurtulus.bozkurt@adu.edu.tr](Email: kurtulus.bozkurt@adu.edu.tr)  \nIntroduction  \nSocial institutions which were formed to meet social needs have undergone functional changes in parallel with the changes in social structure and needs in the historical process. Higher education institutions, which are historical and social institutions, have also undergone functional changes in the changing conditions of different periods (Şahin & Alkan, 2016) . Higher education institutions, which basically fulfilled the function of “educating-teaching” at first, then undertook the function of conducting scientific research and then creating social benefits in order to respond to the new conditions and needs that emerged over time (Ayten & Göver, 2020; Erdem, 2016; Etzkowitz, 2008; Günay, 2007; Wissema, 2009; Zhang, 2007) . Thus, entrepreneurial and innovative higher education institutions of the 21st century, which started to make important contributions to education, scientific research and society, have become the driving forces of change and development by improving human capital through the educational and instructional services they offer, by producing qualified scientific information through the scientific research they conduct and by fulfilling an important responsibility in the solutions of the problems of the society including economic, ecological, social, cultural and political problems.  \nEntrepreneurial and innovative higher education institutions of the 21st century have become significant and decisive elements in global competition by creating qualified human resources (hu","cbCaiqScAqhU20tf","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiqScAqhU20tf","pdf",595844,29,"English","# Abstract\n## Introduction\n## Methodology and Data\n## Variables and Measures\n## Results and Findings","[{\"question\":\"Which method is used to analyze the relationship between higher education and global competitiveness?\",\"answer\":\"The study applies the Granger Panel Causality Test for panel data analysis.\"},{\"question\":\"What countries and time period are included in the dataset?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses panel data from 25 OECD countries for which data are available between 2006 and 2017.\"},{\"question\":\"What indicators are used to represent higher education?\",\"answer\":\"Higher education is represented by variables such as higher-education schooling rates, graduate employment rates, public spending, education system quality, research institution quality, publication performance, higher-education R\\u0026D expenditures, and university-industry cooperation.\"}]","Transformation of Knowledge into Economic Value in Higher Education and Global Competitiveness - A Panel Causality Analysis on OECD Countries | PDF",1792095731,73]