[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-86613-en":3,"doc-seo-86613-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},86613,34359740700684,"Finn","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1f400023980c374ae676?_k=1777273430885731487",8,"Research & Report","Transepithelial Transports of Rare Sugar D-Psicose in Human Intestine","D-Psicose (Psi), a noncalorie C3-epimer of D-fructose with a lower glycemic response, was examined for its trans-cellular transport in human enterocytes. Permeation across Caco-2 cell monolayers was unchanged by phlorizin (SGLT1 inhibitor) but was accelerated by forskolin, indicating GLUT5 involvement. Co-presence of D-glucose and D-fructose suppressed Psi permeability, suggesting shared transporter usage among the three monosaccharides. The study further proposes intestinal uptake via GLUT5 and basolateral release via GLUT2.","Article  \n[pubs.acs.org/JAFC](pubs.acs.org/JAFC)  \nTransepithelial Transports of Rare Sugar D‑Psicose in Human Intestine  \nTakashi Hishiike,† Masahiro Ogawa,*,† Shigeru Hayakawa,† Daichi Nakajima,† Siwaporn O’Charoen,† Hisaka Ooshima,‡ and Yuanxia Sun†,§  \n†Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, 2393 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, 761-0795, Japan  \n‡Fermentation and Food Research Branch, Kagawa Prefectural Industrial Technology Center, 1351-1 Nouma, Shodoshima-cho, Shozu-gun, Kagawa, 761-4421, Japan  \n§National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China  \nABSTRACT: D-Psicose (Psi), the C3-epimer of D-fructose (Fru), is a noncalorie sugar with a lower glycemic response. The trans-cellular pathway of Psi in human enterocytes was investigated using a Caco-2 cell monolayer. The permeation rate of Psi across the monolayer was not affected by the addition of phlorizin, an inhibitor of sugar transporter SGLT1, whereas it was accelerated by treatment with forskolin, a GLUT5-gene inducer, clearly showing that GLUT5 is involved in the transport of Psi. The permeability of Psi was suppressed in the presence of D-glucose (Glc) and Fru, suggesting that the three monosaccharides are transported via the same transporter. Since GLUT2, the predominant sugar transporter on the basolateral membrane of enterocytes, mediates the transport of Glc and Fru, Psi might be mediated by GLUT2 . The present study shows that Psi is incorporated from the intestinal lumen into enterocytes via GLUT5 and is released to the lamina propria via GLUT2 .  \nKEYWORDS: Caco-2, rare sugar, GLUT5, GLUT2  \n■ INTRODUCTION  \nRare sugars, as defined by the International Society of Rare Sugars, are monosaccharides and their derivatives that are rare in nature. Izumori’s research group succeeded in effective mass production of rare sugars using D-tagatose 3-epimerase (EC:5.3.1.-) derived from Pseudomonas cichorii, which catalyzes C3 epimerization of various ketohexoses. 1,2 The establishment of a large-scale production method of rare sugars has permitted thorough investigation of the biological functions of rare sugarsand the potential for their application in the pharmaceutical, agricultural, and food industries. Accumulating data have shown vast possibilities for their applications.3−7 In particular, Dpsicose (Psi), the C3-epimer of D-fructose, is the fastest and most feasible candidate for application to food. D-Psicose, which has 70% of the sweetness of sucrose and no calories, is now utilized as a functional sugar with several health benefits, such as the prophylaxis of the development of diabetes.8 Sun et al.9,10 also reported that custard pudding and sponge cake containing Psi exhibit higher antioxidant activities and more favorable visco-elastic properties than those containing sucrose and D-fructose (Fru) . Because of the health benefits and food properties that are suitable for food processing, much attention has been paid to Psi. D-Psicose was approved as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2011 .11 An application for approval of the use of D-Psicose, with the suppressive effect against after-meal blood glucose elevation, as a food product for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) has been made to the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare.  \nD-Psicose is absorbed in the human small intestine, but it isnot metabolized.12 Most of Psi absorbed is excreted in the urine without being metabolized. Although the metabolic behavior of Psi is distinctly different from that of Fru, both of the two sugars are absorbed in the small intestine. The difference in metabolism and the similarity in absorption led us to the investigation of the absorption pathway of Psi in human intestine. A Caco-2 cell line derived from human colon carcinoma can spontaneously differentiate into the small intestinal","cbCaipjnPrGMvcxd","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipjnPrGMvcxd","pdf",425718,4,1,6,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Materials and Methods","[{\"question\":\"How was D-Psicose transport studied in human intestinal cells?\",\"answer\":\"Transport of D-Psicose was investigated using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, which differentiates into small-intestinal-like epithelium with functional barrier properties and transporters.\"},{\"question\":\"What do phlorizin and forskolin experiments show about the transporter involved in Psi uptake?\",\"answer\":\"Phlorizin did not affect Psi permeation, indicating the process is not driven by SGLT1, while forskolin clearly accelerated transport, implicating GLUT5.\"},{\"question\":\"Why was GLUT2 proposed for the release step of D-Psicose?\",\"answer\":\"Psi permeability was suppressed by the presence of D-glucose and D-fructose, suggesting these monosaccharides share a transporter route; because GLUT2 is the predominant basolateral transporter for glucose and fructose, Psi may also be mediated by GLUT2 for basolateral release.\"}]",1784236200,15,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"transepithelial-transports-of-rare-sugar-d-psicose-in-human-intestine","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/transepithelial-transports-of-rare-sugar-d-psicose-in-human-intestine/86613/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-29","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How was D-Psicose transport studied in human intestinal cells?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Transport of D-Psicose was investigated using a Caco-2 cell monolayer model, which differentiates into small-intestinal-like epithelium with functional barrier properties and transporters.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What do phlorizin and forskolin experiments show about the transporter involved in Psi uptake?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Phlorizin did not affect Psi permeation, indicating the process is not driven by SGLT1, while forskolin clearly accelerated transport, implicating GLUT5.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"Why was GLUT2 proposed for the release step of D-Psicose?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Psi permeability was suppressed by the presence of D-glucose and D-fructose, suggesting these monosaccharides share a transporter route; because GLUT2 is the predominant basolateral transporter for glucose and fructose, Psi may also be mediated by GLUT2 for basolateral release.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":106,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":107,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]