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This pilot diagnostic case-control study estimates the sensitivity and specificity of transcutaneous breast cancer detection using canine olfaction in Tunisian women, and identifies confounding factors affecting test performance. The study trained a Belgian Malinois to detect breast cancer from skin secretion samples and used double-blind testing without contact between women and the dog.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/transcutaneous-canine-breast-cancer-detection-in-tunisia-a-pilot-study/331826/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/transcutaneous-canine-breast-cancer-detection-in-tunisia-a-pilot-study/331826.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Logic","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-12","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study aiming to evaluate about breast cancer detection?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study estimates the sensitivity and specificity of transcutaneous breast cancer detection by canine olfaction and identifies potential confounding factors affecting the test.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How was the canine detection test conducted?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"A two-year-old male Belgian Malinois was trained to detect breast cancer from skin secretion samples collected on compresses worn overnight by women, followed by double-blind testing with no contact between the women and the dog.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What were the main performance results and key confounding factors?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Among 200 women, the sensitivity was 84% and specificity was 81%. Multivariate analysis retained confounding factors for sensitivity including age, history of diabetes, sampling at hospital, and testing during chemotherapy courses; for specificity, retained factors included age, history of benign mastopathy, and history of arterial hypertension.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},331826,1790177745,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},1099513958762,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/1000023916a998db790?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1784791008015729253","Belaid etal. BMC Cancer (2024) 24:151 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11599-3](https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-023-11599-3)  \nBMC Cancer  \n RESEARCH Open Access  \nTranscutaneous canine breast cancer  \ndetection in Tunisia: a pilot study  \nImtinene Belaid1* , Mohamed Fedy Baya1, Saif Ben Ayed2, Ali Ben Ayed2, Jihen Maatoug3, Nawel Zommit3, Mohamed AnasTrabelsi4, Noureddine Ben Chida5, Hedi Khairi6, Leila Ben Fatma 1, Imene Chabchoub1, Nouha Ammar1, Rym Bourigua 1, Makrem Hochlaf1, Faten Ezzaari 1 and Slim Ben Ahmed1  \nAbstract  \nBackground Breast cancer in Tunisia is often diagnosed at a late stage with long delay in time to consultation and to diagnosis.The aim of this study is to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of the transcutaneous breast cancer detection by canine olfactionin Tunisian women and to identify the potential confounding factors.  \nMethods This is a diagnostic case control study that took place from October 2021 to November 2022 in the Department of Medical Oncology at the University Hospital Farhat Hached of Sousse and in the security and training dog center located in Sousse (K9 Dog Center Security & Training) . A two-year-old male Belgian Malinois was trained to detect breast cancer on skin secretion samples in compresses that had been worn overnight by women on their breast and then a double-blind testing was performed. There was no contact between women and the dog. From the mentioned responses of the dog, four parameters were calculated: sensitivity, specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) .  \nResults Two hundred women were included in this trial: 100 breast cancer (BC) patients recruited from Farhat Hached University Hospital of Sousse and 100 healthy volunteers (HV) .The calculated sensitivity was 84%(95% CI 78–89%) and the calculated specificity was 81%(95% CI 75–86%) . The calculated predictive values were: PPV = 83,51%(95% CI 78,37–88,65%) and NPV = 81,55%(95% CI 76 .17–86. 93%) . In the multivariate study, only four confounding factors of test’s sensitivity were retained: age (OR = 1.210 [95% CI = 1 .085–1. 349]; p = 0 . 001), history of diabetes(OR = 0.017 [95% CI = 0 .001–0. 228]; p = 0 . 002), sampling at hospital (OR = 0.010 [95% CI = 0 .003–0.464]; p = 0 . 010) and testing during chemotherapy courses (OR = 0.034 [95% CI = 0 .003–0.404]; p = 0 . 007) . For test’s specificity, we retained the three following confounding factors: age (OR = 1,104 [95% CI= 1 .021–1. 195]; p = 0 . 014), history of benign mastopathy  \n(OR = 0.243 [95% CI = 0 .074–0. 805]; p = 0 . 021)and history of arterial hypertension (OR = 0.194 [95% CI = 0 .053–0. 707]; p = 0 . 013) .  \nConclusion This is a pilot study that opens new avenues in developing a reliable cancer diagnostic tool that integrates the dog’s olfactory ability to detect breast cancer using a transcutaneous sampling method. It could be a pretest to select patients who are eligible to a screening mammogram, especially in low-income countries where thereis no national mammography screening program.  \n[Pactr.org](Pactr.org) identifier PACTR202201864472288, registration date 11/01/2022 . Keywords Cancer, Diagnosis, Smell, Working dogs, Cancer screening test  \n*Correspondence: Imtinene Belaid [belaid_im@hotmail.fr](belaid_im@hotmail.fr)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Common","cbCaikKn8Xc7MuDm","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikKn8Xc7MuDm","pdf",1473870,12,"English","# Abstract\n## Background\n## Methods\n## Results\n## Conclusion\n# Background\n## Breast cancer burden in Tunisia\n## Patient delay and access barriers\n## Need for accessible screening","[{\"question\":\"What is the study aiming to evaluate about breast cancer detection?\",\"answer\":\"The study estimates the sensitivity and specificity of transcutaneous breast cancer detection by canine olfaction and identifies potential confounding factors affecting the test.\"},{\"question\":\"How was the canine detection test conducted?\",\"answer\":\"A two-year-old male Belgian Malinois was trained to detect breast cancer from skin secretion samples collected on compresses worn overnight by women, followed by double-blind testing with no contact between the women and the dog.\"},{\"question\":\"What were the main performance results and key confounding factors?\",\"answer\":\"Among 200 women, the sensitivity was 84% and specificity was 81%. Multivariate analysis retained confounding factors for sensitivity including age, history of diabetes, sampling at hospital, and testing during chemotherapy courses; for specificity, retained factors included age, history of benign mastopathy, and history of arterial hypertension.\"}]","Transcutaneous canine breast cancer detection in Tunisia - a pilot study | PDF",1789995364]