[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-331845-105":59,"doc-detail-331845-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","toxicity-tolerance-in-the-carcinogenesis-of-environmental-cadmium","Toxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium","","Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of major global public health concern, with dietary intake as the primary non-workplace exposure source alongside passive and active smoking. Cd intestinal absorption depends on transporters for essential metals such as iron and zinc, which govern body burden because daily excretion is limited. While Cd is classified as a human lung carcinogen, evidence indicates broader cancer risk beyond lung tissue.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/toxicity-tolerance-in-the-carcinogenesis-of-environmental-cadmium/331845/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/toxicity-tolerance-in-the-carcinogenesis-of-environmental-cadmium/331845.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Himbo","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-09","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",11,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What are the main non-workplace sources of environmental cadmium exposure?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Diet is the primary non-workplace exposure source, in addition to passive and active smoking. Airborne cadmium has also become increasingly detectable, especially in urban areas.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does cadmium absorption relate to essential metals?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Cadmium intestinal absorption involves transporters for essential metals, notably iron and zinc. These transporters influence cadmium body burden because only a very small amount can be excreted each day.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Does cadmium directly damage DNA to cause cancer?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"The article states that cadmium does not directly damage DNA. Instead, it influences gene expression through interactions with essential metals and various proteins, including pathways relevant to DNA repair.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},331845,1790335470,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146,"preview_page_count":4},687197100911,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/a000239b6f1da00475?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1785132997149421697","Review  \nToxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium  \nAleksandar Cirovic 1 and Soisungwan Satarug 2, *  \nCitation: Cirovic, A.; Satarug, S. Toxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1851. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms25031851  \nAcademic Editor: Rosanna Mallamaci  \nReceived: 13 January 2024  \nRevised: 31 January 2024  \nAccepted: 1 February 2024  \nPublished: 3 February 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [aleksandar.cirovic@med.bg.ac.rs](aleksandar.cirovic@med.bg.ac.rs)  \n2 Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia  \n* Correspondence: [sj.satarug@yahoo.com.au](sj.satarug@yahoo.com.au)  \nAbstract: Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant of worldwide public health significance. Diet is the main non-workplace Cd exposure source other than passive and active smoking. The intestinal absorption of Cd involves transporters for essential metals, notably iron and zinc. These transporters determine the Cd body burden because only a minuscule amount of Cd can be excreted each day. The International Agency for Research on Cancer listed Cd as a human lung carcinogen, but the current evidence suggests that the effects of Cd on cancer risk extend beyond the lung. A two-year bioassay demonstrated that Cd caused neoplasms in multiple tissues of mice. Also, several non-tumorigenic human cells transformed to malignant cells when they were exposed to a sublethal dose of Cd for a prolonged time. Cd does not directly damage DNA, but it influences gene expression through interactions with essential metals and various proteins. The present review highlights the epidemiological studies that connect an enhanced risk of various neoplastic diseases to chronic exposure to environmental Cd. Special emphasis is given to the impact of body iron stores on the absorption of Cd, and its implications for breast cancer prevention in highly susceptible groups of women. Resistance to cell death and other cancer phenotypes acquired during Cd-induced cancer cell transformation, under in vitro conditions, are briefly discussed. The potential role for the ZnT1 efflux transporter in the cellular acquisition of tolerance to Cd cytotoxicity is highlighted.  \nKeywords: cadmium; cancer; cell transformation; copper; intestinal absorption; iron store status; zinc transporters  \n1. Introduction  \nCadmium (Cd) is a metal with no nutritional or physiological value in humans, but it is found in most people because it is a contaminant in nearly all food types; as such, dietary exposure is unavoidable for most people [1–5] . Active and passive smoking are additional non-workplace exposures to Cd [6] . Airborne Cd is increasingly detectable, especially in urban areas of many countries [7] . Consequently, an inhalation exposure and the existence of a nose-to-brain entry route cause further concern [8,9] .  \nCd exists primarily in a divalent state (Cd2+ ) and as a redox inert metal; it does not undergo valency change [10,11]. However, compared to an essential metal zinc (Zn2+ ), Cd has a higher binding affinity for sulfur ligands that include the thiol (-SH) functional group of glutathione, zinc-finger transcription factors, and many other proteins [10–13] . It is well documented that Cd interacts with the cysteine thiols of metallothionine (MT), a group of low-molecular-weight proteins, capable of sequestering zinc, copper, and Cd [11–13] . Also, Cd induces mitochondrial dy","cbCaioKvD47Jut9o","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaioKvD47Jut9o","pdf",1704719,21,"English","# Abstract\n## Keywords\n# Introduction\n## Cadmium exposure sources and biological behavior\n## Mechanisms linking Cd to carcinogenesis","[{\"question\":\"What are the main non-workplace sources of environmental cadmium exposure?\",\"answer\":\"Diet is the primary non-workplace exposure source, in addition to passive and active smoking. Airborne cadmium has also become increasingly detectable, especially in urban areas.\"},{\"question\":\"How does cadmium absorption relate to essential metals?\",\"answer\":\"Cadmium intestinal absorption involves transporters for essential metals, notably iron and zinc. These transporters influence cadmium body burden because only a very small amount can be excreted each day.\"},{\"question\":\"Does cadmium directly damage DNA to cause cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The article states that cadmium does not directly damage DNA. Instead, it influences gene expression through interactions with essential metals and various proteins, including pathways relevant to DNA repair.\"}]","Toxicity Tolerance in the Carcinogenesis of Environmental Cadmium | PDF",1789995452,53]