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Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn were measured in whole blood, cancer tissues, and noncancer tissues, and compared with healthy controls by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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Essential Element Concentrations in the Blood and Tissues of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients  \nGiovanni Forte 1,†, Andrea Pisano 2,†, Beatrice Bocca 1, *, Grazia Fenu 2, Cristiano Farace 2,3, Federica Etzi 2, Teresa Perra 4, Angela Sabalic 2, Alberto Porcu 4 and Roberto Madeddu 2,3  \nCitation: Forte, G.; Pisano, A.; Bocca, B.; Fenu, G.; Farace, C.; Etzi, F.; Perra, T.; Sabalic, A.; Porcu, A.; Madeddu, R. Toxic Metal and Essential Element Concentrations in the Blood and Tissues of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients. Toxics 2024, 12, 32. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)toxics12010032  \nAcademic Editor: Jürgen Gailer  \nReceived: 20 November 2023  \nRevised: 19 December 2023  \nAccepted: 21 December 2023  \nPublished: 1 January 2024  \nCopyright: © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Environment and Health, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy; [giovanni.forte@iss.it](giovanni.forte@iss.it)  \n2 Department of Biomedical Science—Histology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [pisanoandrea87@gmail.com](pisanoandrea87@gmail.com) (A.P.); [grazia.fenu94@gmail.com](grazia.fenu94@gmail.com) (G.F.); [cfarace@uniss.it](cfarace@uniss.it) (C.F.); [f.etzi@studenti.uniss.it](f.etzi@studenti.uniss.it) (F.E.); [angelasabalic08@gmail.com](angelasabalic08@gmail.com) (A.S.); [rmadeddu@uniss.it](rmadeddu@uniss.it) (R.M.)  \n3 National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Interuniversity Consortium INBB, 00136 Rome, Italy  \n4 Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Unit of General Surgery, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; [teresaperra1992@gmail.com](teresaperra1992@gmail.com) (T.P.); [alberto@uniss.it](alberto@uniss.it) (A.P.)  \n* [Correspondence: beatrice.bocca@iss.it](Correspondence: beatrice.bocca@iss.it)[ ](Correspondence: beatrice.bocca@iss.it)† These authors contributed equally.  \nAbstract: Background: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly aggressive lethal neoplasm, and it has an average 5-year survival rate of less than 10% . Although the factors that influence PDAC development remain unclear, exposure to toxic metals or the imbalance in essential elements may have a role in PDAC-associated metabolic pathways. Methods: This study determined the concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in whole blood, cancer and noncancer tissues of patients affected by PDAC, and compared them with levels in healthy controls using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results: Results of the whole blood showed significantly higher levels of Cr, Cu and Cu/Zn ratio in PDAC patients compared to the controls. In addition, the concentrations of Cu, Se, Fe and Zn significantly increased in cancer tissue compared to the healthy counterparts. Conclusions: This study revealed evidence of altered metal levels in the blood and pancreatic tissues of PDAC patients with respect to healthy controls. These changes may contribute to multiple mechanisms involved in metal-induced carcinogenesis, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, genetic alteration, decreased antioxidant barriers and inflammatory responses. Thus, the analysis of metals can be used in the diagnosis and monitoring of PDAC neoplasms.  \nKeywords: toxic metals; essential elements; pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; whole blood; pancreatic tissue  \n1. Introduction  \nThe pancreas produces some important hormones including insulin and glucagon able to maintain healthy blood sugar levels. Moreover, the pancreas secretes various enzymes, such as trypsin, lipase and amylase that contribute to the proper digestion and ","cbCailsvJOAFeCN0","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailsvJOAFeCN0","pdf",273668,12,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Pancreas function and pancreatic cancer background\n## Epidemiology and risk factors for PDAC\n## Toxic metals and mechanistic evidence","[{\"question\":\"Which elements were quantified in this study?\",\"answer\":\"The study measured Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn in whole blood and in pancreatic cancer and noncancer tissues.\"},{\"question\":\"What differences were observed in whole blood between PDAC patients and controls?\",\"answer\":\"Whole blood in PDAC patients showed significantly higher levels of Cr, Cu, and the Cu/Zn ratio compared with healthy controls.\"},{\"question\":\"How did metal concentrations differ in pancreatic cancer tissue versus healthy tissue?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer tissue exhibited significant increases in Cu, Se, Fe, and Zn compared with healthy counterparts.\"}]","Toxic Metal and Essential Element Concentrations in the Blood and Tissues of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients | PDF",1790000745]