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This study evaluated whether recommended total micronutrient intake, derived from diet plus DS, relates to slower biological aging using the epigenetic pace-of-aging biomarker DunedinPACE. A cross-sectional analysis of 4,582 postmenopausal women (50–79 years) from the Women’s Health Initiative baseline visit (1993–1998) combined food frequency questionnaires, DS use, and leukocyte DNA methylation data. DS use (60%) and higher Total Nutrient Index (TNI) scores each associated with slower DunedinPACE, with vitamin C showing the strongest TNI link.",{"@graph":69,"@context":126},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/total-micronutrient-intake-and-epigenetic-aging-in-the-womens-health-initiative/429064/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/total-micronutrient-intake-and-epigenetic-aging-in-the-womens-health-initiative/429064.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"dawugda","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-07","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118,122],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What was the study’s main goal?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To determine whether dietary supplement use and total micronutrient intake are associated with slower epigenetic aging pace measured by DunedinPACE.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were micronutrient intake levels quantified?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Micronutrient intake was calculated using the Total Nutrient Index (TNI), reflecting adherence to Dietary Reference Intakes for six under-consumed micronutrients.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What did the results show about DS use and TNI?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"DS use was associated with slower DunedinPACE, and higher TNI scores were also linked to slower DunedinPACE.",{"name":123,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":124},"Which micronutrient component showed the strongest association with DunedinPACE?",{"text":125,"@type":113},"The TNI component most strongly associated with DunedinPACE was vitamin C.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":128,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":130,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":132,"site_id":62},429064,1790813871,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":135},{"doc_id":132,"user_id":136,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":137,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":138,"file_id":139,"file_url":140,"file_type":141,"file_size":142,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":14,"language":143,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":144,"faqs":145,"seo_title":146,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":147,"read_time":24,"preview_page_count":4},3985747870947,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","Innovation in Aging, 2025, Vol. 9, No. S2 987  \nAbstract citation ID: igaf122.3333  \nTOTAL MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AND EPIGENETIC AGING IN THE WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE  \nLindsay Reynolds1, Alexandra Cowan-Pyle2, Regan Bailey2, Diane Mitchell2, Eric Whitsel3, Mara Vitolins1, and Janet Tooze1, 1. Wake Forest University School of Medicine,  \n988 Innovation in Aging, 2025, Vol. 9, No. S2  \nWinston-Salem, North Carolina, United States, 2. Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States, 3. The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States  \nUse of dietary supplements (DS) is common among older adult women and represents an important source of micronutrient intake. To understand whether recommended micronutrient intake is related to slower biological aging, we estimated associations between DS use, total micronutrient intake (from diet and DS use), and an epigenetic biomarker of pace of aging (DunedinPACE). We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4,582 postmenopausal women aged 50–79 years at the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) baseline visit (1993-1998), leveraging food frequency questionnaire, DS use, and leukocyte DNA methylation (DNAm) data. We calculated micronutrient intake using the Total Nutrient Index (TNI, range: 0-100), higher values of which indicate greater adherence to recommended Dietary Reference Intakes for six under-consumed micronutrients (calcium; magnesium; vitamins A, C, D, and E from diet and DS) among the U.S. population. We used linear mixed models adjusted for age, self-identified race and ethnicity, education, smoking, physical activity, ancillary study DNAm data source, and leukocyte proportions to estimate DS use- and TNI-DunedinPACE associations. DS use was common among participants (60%) and associated with a slower DunedinPACE (Beta±SE: -0.100 ±0.026, p = 1.5E-4) . A higher TNI score also was associated with a slower DunedinPACE (Beta±SE: -0.040 ±0.013, p = 0.0022) . The TNI micronutrient component most strongly associated with DunedinPACE was vitamin C (Beta±SE:  \n-0.0025 ±0.0007, p =1.19E-04). Other TNI components inversely associated with DunedinPACE were calcium (p = 5.9E-4), magnesium (p = 0.021), and vitamin E (p = 0.012) . These findings support that DS use and recommended micronutrient intakes are associated with epigenetic aging and may influence the rate of aging.","cbCainUCIFqBSiVF","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainUCIFqBSiVF","pdf",52388,"English","# Abstract\n## Study design and population\n## Micronutrient exposure measurement\n## Epigenetic aging outcome and modeling\n## Key findings and implications","[{\"question\":\"What was the study’s main goal?\",\"answer\":\"To determine whether dietary supplement use and total micronutrient intake are associated with slower epigenetic aging pace measured by DunedinPACE.\"},{\"question\":\"How were micronutrient intake levels quantified?\",\"answer\":\"Micronutrient intake was calculated using the Total Nutrient Index (TNI), reflecting adherence to Dietary Reference Intakes for six under-consumed micronutrients.\"},{\"question\":\"What did the results show about DS use and TNI?\",\"answer\":\"DS use was associated with slower DunedinPACE, and higher TNI scores were also linked to slower DunedinPACE.\"},{\"question\":\"Which micronutrient component showed the strongest association with DunedinPACE?\",\"answer\":\"The TNI component most strongly associated with DunedinPACE was vitamin C.\"}]","TOTAL MICRONUTRIENT INTAKE AND EPIGENETIC AGING IN THE WOMEN’S HEALTH INITIATIVE | PDF",1790648498]