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This study tested whether pupil-linked phasic arousal reflects how tonal surprisal and precision interact in dynamic auditory settings. Twenty-eight participants listened to stochastic tone sequences spanning low-entropy and high-entropy periods. Bayesian modeling quantified tone-by-tone surprisal and precision, revealing pupil sensitivity to both, with context-boundary effects strongest for transitions between stable low-entropy environments.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tonal-surprisal-and-contextual-shifts-evoke-distinct-pupil-dilation-during-dynamic-sound-sequences/438615/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tonal-surprisal-and-contextual-shifts-evoke-distinct-pupil-dilation-during-dynamic-sound-sequences/438615.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Lucas Martin","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-30","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What did the study examine regarding pupil responses in auditory sequences?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examined how pupil-linked phasic arousal tracks the interplay between tonal surprisal (unexpectedness) and precision (reliability of the inferred context) during dynamic sound sequences.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were low-entropy and high-entropy auditory contexts manipulated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants passively listened to stochastic tone sequences that transitioned between periods of low-entropy (more informative) and high-entropy (less informative) contexts.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which context transitions produced significant pupil dilation?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Transitions between distinct low-entropy environments (LE-dLE) evoked significant pupil dilation, whereas shifts between low- and high-entropy environments (LE-HE and HE-LE) did not.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},438615,1790741659,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":8,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},8796095360427,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_994ba38a5ba835b3df7d355c54d3ed8d","European Journal of Neuroscience  \nSPECIAL ISSUE ARTICLE  OPEN ACCESS   \nThe Neuronal Basis of Mismatch Negativity (MMN) and Its Clinical Applications  \nTonal Surprisal and Contextual Shifts Evoke Distinct Pupil Dilation During Dynamic Sound Sequences  \nJorie J. G. van Haren1,2  | Jan-Luca Schröder1  | Floris P. de Lange2,3  | Sonja A. Kotz1  | Federico De Martino1   \n1Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands | 2Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands | 3Transdisciplinary Research Area Life and Health, Center for  \nArtificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany Correspondence: Jorie J. G. van Haren ([jjg.vanharen@maastrichtuniversity.nl](jjg.vanharen@maastrichtuniversity.nl))  \nReceived: 28 March 2025 | Revised: 31 October 2025 | Accepted: 19 December 2025  \nAssociate Editor: Carles Escera  \nKeywords: auditory sequences | Bayesian inference | locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system | predictive processing | pupillometry | statistical learning | uncertainty  \nABSTRACT  \nThe human brain continuously forms predictions about the unfolding sensory environment, relying on contextual information to anticipate upcoming events while remaining sensitive to unexpected changes. This study examined how pupil-linked phasic arousal, a putative proxy for the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system, reflects the interplay between tonal surprisal (unexpectedness) and precision (reliability of the inferred context) in dynamic auditory contexts. Twenty-eight participants passively listened to stochastic tone sequences transitioning between periods of low-entropy (informative context) and high-entropy (less informative context). We quantified tone-by-tone surprisal and precision using Bayesian modeling. Despite their slow time evolution, pupil dilation responses revealed sensitivity to both surprisal and precision, showing that arousal tracks momentary deviations and the stability of contextual predictions. Analyses of context boundaries showed that transitions between distinct low-entropy environments (LE-dLE) evoked significant pupil dilation, whereas shifts between low-and high-entropy environments (LE-HE and HE-LE) did not. These findings indicate that pupil-linked arousal primarily responds to salient contextual shifts involving stable environments rather than to changes in entropy per se. The results emphasize the role of the locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system in adaptive model updating during passive listening and demonstrate the brain's continuous and implicit monitoring of uncertainty to navigate dynamic auditory environments.  \n1 | Introduction  \nWhen listening, our brains continuously build an internal model of the sensory environment. This process relies on identifying and leveraging regularities in the surrounding world to  \nform expectations about what is likely to occur next and allows the brain to efficiently process incoming information while allocating additional cognitive resources to unexpected (surprising) events (Denham and Winkler 2020; Friston 2005; Heilbron and Chait 2017) . This dynamic interplay between prediction  \n\n| Abbreviations: dLE, distinct low entropy; D-REX, Dynamic Regularity Extraction; ERCPN, Ethics Review Committee for Psychology and Neuroscience; FIR, finite impulse response; FWE, family-wise error; GMM, Gaussian mixture model; HE, high entropy; LC, locus coeruleus; LE, low entropy; NE, norepinephrine; OSF, Open Science Framework; PDR, pupil dilation response; rERP, regression-based event-related potential; TFCE, threshold-free cluster enhancement; TRF, temporal response function. |\n| --- |\n| This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.\u003Cbr>© 2026 The Author(s). European Journal o","cbCailfQtjUUoZoR","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailfQtjUUoZoR","pdf",1102718,11,"English","# Introduction\n## Predictive processing and uncertainty monitoring\n## LC-NE system and pupil-linked arousal proxy","[{\"question\":\"What did the study examine regarding pupil responses in auditory sequences?\",\"answer\":\"It examined how pupil-linked phasic arousal tracks the interplay between tonal surprisal (unexpectedness) and precision (reliability of the inferred context) during dynamic sound sequences.\"},{\"question\":\"How were low-entropy and high-entropy auditory contexts manipulated?\",\"answer\":\"Participants passively listened to stochastic tone sequences that transitioned between periods of low-entropy (more informative) and high-entropy (less informative) contexts.\"},{\"question\":\"Which context transitions produced significant pupil dilation?\",\"answer\":\"Transitions between distinct low-entropy environments (LE-dLE) evoked significant pupil dilation, whereas shifts between low- and high-entropy environments (LE-HE and HE-LE) did not.\"}]","Tonal Surprisal and Contextual Shifts Evoke Distinct Pupil Dilation During Dynamic Sound Sequences | PDF",1790685892,28]