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The text also describes shared foundations such as vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, discourse, and pragmatics, and how communicative tasks require combined language knowledge, enabling skills, and communicative language 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communcative competence in English  \nThe TOEIC Program tests evaluate the four communication skills—listening, reading, speaking and writing—and test scores provide useful information about test takers’ proficiency in each skill.  \nThis section looks at the various reasons behind why the TOEIC Program recommends assessing all four English skills, in terms of supporting development of learners’ holistic communicative competence, that is, their overall ability in all aspects of English.  \nThe TOEIC Program  \nand the four language skills: Listening, reading, speaking and writing skills are intertwined  \nWhat does the“four-skills approach” mean?  \nIn the fields of second language acquisition and language testing, researchers generally agree that second language proficiency consists of multiple components (Bachman & Palmer, 2010; Canale & Swain, 1980). In other words, what we consider an overall, holistic communicative competence is actually a set of interrelated knowledge and skills.  \nOne of the most meaningful ways that researchers have found to summarize the different uses of language that constitute communicative competence is the “four-skills” approach. In this approach, reading, listening, speaking and writing are the four essential language skills that comprise one’s ability to communicate across the different modalities (i.e., modes of communication) in which language is used.  \nAs shown in the diagram below, the four skills are related but distinct.  \nThe TOEIC Program and the development of holistic communicative competence  \nReading and Listening  \nare receptive skills that enable one to construct meaning from language seen and heard.  \nSpeaking and Writing  \nare productive skills that involve creating a message for an audience.  \nListening and Speaking  \nare also related as they involve the spoken form of language (speech) and reading and writing are related as they involve the written form of language (text).  \nThe four communicative language skills  \n(reading, listening, speaking and writing) also share an underlying foundation of language knowledge and enabling skills (e.g., vocabulary, grammar, pronunciation, discourse1 and pragmatics2).  \n1 Discourse means the ways in which words and sentences are put together to create a coherent spoken or written text.  \n2 Pragmatics means the ways in which language is used in a particular situation or context or with a particular audience.  \n3  \nCommunicative tasks require the combination of language knowledge, enabling skills and communicative skills  \nThis underlying foundation of “language knowledge and enabling skills” is utilized together with each“communicative language skill,” and it is their combination that influences how well someone performs any particular communicative task.  \nIn the real world, most communicative tasks involve a combination of language knowledge, enabling skills and communicative skills.  \nWhen we assess a particular skill area, we are measuring the ability of the test taker to apply this combination of“knowledge and enabling skills” and “communicative language skills” in performing and accomplishing communication tasks in the particular modality.  \nFor example, when using the TOEIC Speaking  \ntest to assess learners, test users are interested in understanding test-takers’ abilities to (a) apply their knowledge and enabling skills (e.g., knowledge of vocabulary and grammar; abilities to pronounce intelligibly or construct a pragmatically or discursively appropriate text) and to (b) utilize their communicative language skills (e.g., ability to describe something, ability to respond to questions, ability to express an opinion) simultaneously in performing speaking tasks.  \nAs can be inferred from the diagram, each test of a given skill in the TOEIC Program tests taps into both the language knowledge and enabling skills of the test taker as well as the abil","cbCaicKpMw4lbmd3","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicKpMw4lbmd3","pdf",241386,13,"English","# TOEIC Program and four communication skills\n## Four-skills approach and holistic communicative competence\n## Receptive vs productive skills\n## Shared language knowledge and enabling skills\n## Communicative tasks and skill assessment\n## Independent scoring and balanced profiles","[{\"question\":\"What communication skills does the TOEIC Program assess?\",\"answer\":\"The TOEIC Program assesses four English language skills: listening, reading, speaking, and writing.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the “four-skills approach” mean in this context?\",\"answer\":\"It means communicative competence consists of multiple interrelated components, and the four essential skills across different language modalities contribute to overall ability.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the TOEIC Program recommend assessing all four skills?\",\"answer\":\"Assessing all four independently adds unique information and provides a more powerful evaluation of holistic communicative competence than summing separate parts.\"}]","TOEIC Program - Four-Skills Approach - Communication Skills Assessment | PDF",1790835369,33]