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The audio covers Franz Uri Boas and explains the pre-Boas state of anthropology, including biases and speculative theories. It then details Boas’s background, how he introduced scientific rigor, and his key ideas: rejecting evolutionary progress in culture, emphasizing historical uniqueness, museum methodology, and challenging racism through evidence on behavior and cranial malleability. Finally, it outlines how anthropology studies culture through immersive fieldwork.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/toefl-listening-practice-test-9-anthropology-lecture/459122/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/toefl-listening-practice-test-9-anthropology-lecture/459122.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"supergirl","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-21","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the test format say about how many times the lecture is played?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"In this practice test, you hear each lecture once before viewing the questions. You can control the audio yourself and also view the script.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How does the lecture describe anthropology before Franz Uri Boas?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"It describes the field as full of untrained adventurers and armchair philosophers, with racial bias and speculative “pet theories” supported by biased scraps of information.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What major idea does the lecture attribute to Boas regarding culture?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Boas is presented as rejecting the evolutionary approach to culture, arguing there is no predetermined progression to a peak Western-European form and that each society reflects a unique history and adaptation.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},459122,1791674651,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":29,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144},962088121634,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_9964176cb1d06d4a9deccf72a44ae3dc","TOEFL Listening Practice Test 9  \nQ1 . In this section, you will hear academic lectures. In the exam you will hear each lecture once before you look at the questions. In this practice test you can control the audio yourself. You can also see the script of the conversation.  \nListen to a lecture about anthropology. Then answer the questions.  \nIn this lecture series, we’re going to look at the most prominent anthropologists, those who have really helped the subject to what it is now. With this in mind, we definitely can’t ignore the work of Franz Uri Boas, a German Anthropologist born in 1858, who is generally known as the \"Father of American Anthropology\" .  \nBefore we can consider Boas’s contribution, we need to look at the state anthropology was in before he came onto the scene. Although there was some serious work being done in anthropology at the time, the field was heavily peopled with untrained adventurers and armchair philosophers. Racial bias and bigotry was rampant. It was common practice for practitioners to put forward their own pet theories – grand, sweeping theories- in which they prognosticated on the nature of man. As for evidence, well, they used small scraps of information, haphazardly gathered and riddled with bias, to back up the point they wanted to make.  \nBoas’s background countered this. His upbringing was liberal; his parents held a disdain for dogma, religious or otherwise, which meant that Boas was free to question different beliefs unhindered. He was attracted to the natural sciences, and would collect minerals and seashells. As he grew older, he did more rigorous studies and experiments, and at university, he studied an eclectic mix of mathematics, physics and geography. What put him on the anthropological track was a geographic expedition to the arctic that he took in 1883. Fascinated by the people, their appearance, their language, their traditions and way of life, he came home adamant to make anthropology his life work.  \nThis background was, I think it’s fair to say, fundamental with regards to what Boas brought to the field, because he introduced methodology and scientific rigour into the discipline. Scientific Method dictated that you could only formulate theories and conclusions after thorough and rigorous data collection, and the examination of hard evidence. Accurate conclusions required careful observation, and even these could, and should, be critiqued and restudied in case sloppiness or bias had skewed the results.  \nOne of Boas's main contributions to anthropological thought was his rejection of the evolutionary approach to culture. This approach assumed that all societies progressed through certain technological and cultural stages, in hierarchical form, until they reached the peak – the zenith – which of course was the Western-European culture. An example was the progression from a maternalistic to a paternalistic culture. According to Boas, this was all bunkum. There was no process towards a so-called higher form of culture. Each society, he said, was uniquely adapted to the set of circumstances in which it had  \narisen. Each was the product of a unique and particular history. It wasn’t halfway along the road to a lofty idea of civilization. It had already arrived. In this way, his ideas paralleled those of Charles Darwin, whose own conception of evolution was that change occurred in response to pressures and opportunities, and that the path of change could vary in a multitude of ways. For example, when Darwin surveyed the Galapagos, he did not deem the one variation of a species superior to another simply because it was larger or its markings more elaborate. Rather, he saw them all simply as unique adaptations to their own particular circumstances.  \nThis idea was what shaped Boas’s work in museums, for which he was, at first heavily criticised. At the time, museums were laid out in this very way – cultures considered primitive were set out first, and then gradually more so-called a","cbCaidiGmY6hZBya","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaidiGmY6hZBya","pdf",198730,"English","# Lecture Instructions\n## Anthropology and the Lecture Topic\n# Franz Uri Boas and His Impact\n## Anthropology Before Boas\n## Boas’s Background and Scientific Method\n## Rejecting Evolutionary Views of Culture\n## Museums and Cultural Proximity\n## Challenging Racism and Physiological Assumptions\n## Studying Culture Through Fieldwork","[{\"question\":\"What does the test format say about how many times the lecture is played?\",\"answer\":\"In this practice test, you hear each lecture once before viewing the questions. You can control the audio yourself and also view the script.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the lecture describe anthropology before Franz Uri Boas?\",\"answer\":\"It describes the field as full of untrained adventurers and armchair philosophers, with racial bias and speculative “pet theories” supported by biased scraps of information.\"},{\"question\":\"What major idea does the lecture attribute to Boas regarding culture?\",\"answer\":\"Boas is presented as rejecting the evolutionary approach to culture, arguing there is no predetermined progression to a peak Western-European form and that each society reflects a unique history and adaptation.\"}]","TOEFL Listening Practice Test 9 - Anthropology Lecture | PDF",1790755233,15]