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Because ETS pre-task planning time is brief (15–30 seconds), the research tests whether adding preparation time to the response window gives speakers a better online planning opportunity. Two candidate groups were compared across pre-task and online planning conditions. Data from 384 transcribed samples were analyzed using one-way MANOVA with CAF measures (complexity, accuracy, fluency), showing superior accuracy and fluency for online planners.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/toefl-ibt-speaking-subtest-the-efficacy-of-preparation-time-on-test-takers-performance/488077/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/toefl-ibt-speaking-subtest-the-efficacy-of-preparation-time-on-test-takers-performance/488077.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aditya","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-06","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":81},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What does the study investigate about TOEFL iBT speaking performance?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The study investigates how preparation time influences performance across four TOEFL iBT speaking tasks, focusing on changes in speech quality under different planning conditions.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How were preparation time conditions structured in the research?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Participants were studied under pre-task planning and online planning conditions, comparing ETS-style short preparation with an added preparation window that supports online planning during response.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Which aspects of CAF improved most under online planning?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Online planners significantly outperformed pre-task planners in accuracy and fluency across all four tasks, and also showed higher speech complexity in terms of lexical diversity and left-embeddedness.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},488077,1790840419,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":81,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},962085564549,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","TOEFL iBT Speaking Subtest: The Efficacy of Preparation Time on Test  \nTakers’ Performance  \nAli Akbar Ariamanesh 1 *, Hossein Barati2, Manijeh Youhanaee3  \nReceived: 20 August 2022 Accepted: 30 December 2022  \nAbstract  \nThe present study investigates the efficacy of preparation time in four speaking tasks of TOEFL iBT. As the current pre-task planning time offered by ETS is very short, 15 to 30 seconds, we intended to explore how the test-takers’ speaking quality would change if the preparation time was added to the response time, giving the respondents a relatively longer online planning opportunity. To this aim, two groups of TOEFL iBT candidates were studied under pre-task and online planning conditions. Totally, 384 elicited speaking samples were first transcribed and then measured in terms of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) . The results yielded by a series of One-way MANOVA revealed the online planning group significantly outperformed the pre-task planning group in terms of accuracy and fluency across all four speaking tasks. Although with less robustness, the online planners had significantly higher speech complexity represented by lexical diversity and left-embeddedness. The results obtained through this study may challenge the efficacy of the currently provided preparation time in TOEFL iBT speaking subsection.  \nKeywords: TOEFL speaking; Pre-task planning; Online planning; CAF; Iranian test takers  \n1. Introduction  \nAn important aspect of second language (L2) oral production concerns the effects of planning both before and while performing a task (Skehan, 2016) . The provision of planning time has been reported to raise the levels of complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) in L2 production (Khatib & Farahanynia, 2020; Li et al., 2014; Nunan, 1999; Skehan, 2016; Tavakoli & Skehan, 2005) . Planning prior to task achievement can potentially be beneficial to L2 learners by enhancing their attentional capacity, which consequently allows them to attend to the linguistic features of their performance (Elder & Iwashita, 2005) . Likewise, L2 speakers may access their declarative knowledge through planning and thereby retrieve the required lexico-grammatical information (Kaplan, 2010) . Ellis (2005, 2008, 2009) reports when L2 learners are given pre-task planning time, their discourse tends to be more fluent and complex. He also distinguishes between pre-task and within-task planning before and while performing task-based production, respectively. Pre-task planning is further subcategorized into rehearsal (practicing before the main performance) and strategic planning (deciding upon the what and  \n1 First affiliation, Email: University of Isfahan, Iran, [aa.ariamanesh@fgn.ui.ac.ir](aa.ariamanesh@fgn.ui.ac.ir)[ ](aa.ariamanesh@fgn.ui.ac.ir)2 Second affiliation, Email: University of Isfahan, Iran, [barati@fgn.ui.ac.ir](barati@fgn.ui.ac.ir)  \n3 Third affiliation, Email: University of Isfahan, Iran, [youhanaee@fgn.ui.ac.ir](youhanaee@fgn.ui.ac.ir)  \nhow of performance) . Within-task planning, in turn, can be either pressured or unpressured based on the given time.  \nThe two major forms of planning are thought to contribute rather differently to the quality of learners’ production. Pre-task planning is probably more effective during the conceptualization level of speech production and, therefore, leads to more complex and fluent discourse (Ellis, 2008; Skehan, 2016). Online planning, however, may be more effective when formulating ideas as well as monitoring one’s oral production, triggering more accuracy (Ellis, 2005, 2008). The inclusion of planning time, therefore, seems to have the potential to decrease competition or trade-off effects (Kaplan, 2010; Skehan, 2014) among salient aspects of L2 oral production. As mentioned earlier, pre-task planning is more likely to enhance fluency and complexity than accuracy. Implied in this claim is that fluency and complexity are probably in competition with accuracy, while undert","cbCaigU1S8O07D3b","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaigU1S8O07D3b","pdf",362280,18,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Review of Literature","[{\"question\":\"What does the study investigate about TOEFL iBT speaking performance?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates how preparation time influences performance across four TOEFL iBT speaking tasks, focusing on changes in speech quality under different planning conditions.\"},{\"question\":\"How were preparation time conditions structured in the research?\",\"answer\":\"Participants were studied under pre-task planning and online planning conditions, comparing ETS-style short preparation with an added preparation window that supports online planning during response.\"},{\"question\":\"Which aspects of CAF improved most under online planning?\",\"answer\":\"Online planners significantly outperformed pre-task planners in accuracy and fluency across all four tasks, and also showed higher speech complexity in terms of lexical diversity and left-embeddedness.\"}]","TOEFL iBT Speaking Subtest - The Efficacy of Preparation Time on Test Takers’ Performance | PDF",1790809952,45]