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The text focuses on evidence and debates about liquid water on Mars, comparing runoff channels and outflow channels, discussing possible ancient rivers, lakes, and oceans, and addressing why remaining ideas are controversial. It concludes with a set of multiple-choice vocabulary and inference questions based on the passage.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":20,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/exam/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/toefl-ibt-quick-prep-volume-4-reading-practice-set-1/487835/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/toefl-ibt-quick-prep-volume-4-reading-practice-set-1/487835.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Rowan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":24},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the purpose of the TOEFL iBT Reading section in this practice set?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It measures your ability to understand academic passages in English, and you can skip questions and return to them if time remains.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do runoff channels and outflow channels differ according to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands and form extensive networks, while outflow channels appear mainly in equatorial regions and generally do not form interconnected networks.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why are scientists’ ideas about ancient Martian oceans and lakes still controversial?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Proponents cite shoreline-like terraces, while detractors argue those features could be geological. They also point to a lack of carbonate rock layers expected from an ancient ocean, though more recent data suggest liquid water existed in some periods.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},487835,1790902434,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":19,"category_name":20,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":24,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},1099514067415,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002539d78ffe74a7?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1779092875211072502","TOEFL iBT ® Quick Prep  \nVolume 4  \nGo anywhere from here.  \nTOEFL iBT® Quick Prep  \nReading Section  \nThis section measures your ability to understand academic passages in English. You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as there is time remaining.  \nNow begin the Reading section.  \nTOEFL iBT® Quick Prep ReaDINg PRaCTICe SeT 1  \nReading Practice Set 1: Passage and Questions  \nDirections: Read the passage. Then answer the questions. Give yourself 20 minutes to complete this practice set.  \n\n| running WAter on MArs? |\n| --- |\n| Paragraph 1 Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems—sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length—of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.\u003Cbr>2 Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands”(resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous—perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same time as the northern volcanic plains formed.\u003Cbr>3 Some scientists speculate that Mars may have enjoyed an extended early period during which rivers, lakes, and perhaps even oceans adorned its surface. A 2003 Mars Global Surveyor image shows what mission specialists think may be a delta—a fan-shaped network of channels and sediments where a river once flowed into a larger body of water, in this case a lake filling a crater in the southern highlands. Other researchers go even further, suggesting that the data provide evidence for large open expanses of water on the early Martian surface. A computer-generated view of the Martian north polar region shows the extent of what may have been an ancient ocean covering much of the northern lowlands. The Hellas Basin, which measures some 3,000 kilometers across and has a floor that lies nearly 9 kilometers below the basin’s rim, is another candidate for an ancient Martian sea.\u003Cbr>|\n\n4  \nParagraph 4 These ideas remain controversial. Proponents point to features such as the terraced“beaches” shown in one image, which could conceivably have been left behind as a  \nlake or ocean evaporated and the shoreline receded. But detractors maintain that the terraces could also have been created by geological activity, perhaps related to the geologic forces that depressed the Northern Hemisphere far below the level of the south, in which case they have nothing whatever to do with Martian water. Furthermore, Mars Global Surveyor data released in 2003 seem to indicate  \nthat the Martian surface contains too few carbonate rock layers—layers containing compounds of carbon and oxygen—that should have been formed in abundance inan ancient ocean. Their absence supports the picture of a cold, dry Mars that never experienced the e","cbCaiukI1cq4rLNh","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiukI1cq4rLNh","pdf",1391552,13,"English","# Reading Practice Set 1: Passage and Questions\n## Directions\n## Passage: Running water on Mars?\n## Questions","[{\"question\":\"What is the purpose of the TOEFL iBT Reading section in this practice set?\",\"answer\":\"It measures your ability to understand academic passages in English, and you can skip questions and return to them if time remains.\"},{\"question\":\"How do runoff channels and outflow channels differ according to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2?\",\"answer\":\"Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands and form extensive networks, while outflow channels appear mainly in equatorial regions and generally do not form interconnected networks.\"},{\"question\":\"Why are scientists’ ideas about ancient Martian oceans and lakes still controversial?\",\"answer\":\"Proponents cite shoreline-like terraces, while detractors argue those features could be geological. They also point to a lack of carbonate rock layers expected from an ancient ocean, though more recent data suggest liquid water existed in some periods.\"}]","TOEFL iBT Quick Prep Volume 4 - Reading Practice Set 1 | PDF",1790809428,33]