[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-372337-105":59,"doc-detail-372337-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","tmsb10-drives-prostate-cancer-aggressiveness-via-immune-microenvironment-regulation","TMSB10 drives prostate cancer aggressiveness via immune microenvironment regulation","","Thymosin β10 (TMSB10) is identified as a key regulator of prostate cancer progression by shaping the tumor immune microenvironment. Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA shows TMSB10 is upregulated across cancer types, with high expression in prostate cancer associated with worse patient outcomes. In prostate cancer cell lines, TMSB10 knockdown suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression enhances these malignant behaviors. Co-culture experiments demonstrate that TMSB10 biases macrophage polarization toward M2-type cells, reducing cytotoxicity and altering cytokine secretion, supporting immune evasion.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/tmsb10-drives-prostate-cancer-aggressiveness-via-immune-microenvironment-regulation/372337/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/tmsb10-drives-prostate-cancer-aggressiveness-via-immune-microenvironment-regulation/372337.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jacob","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How is TMSB10 linked to prostate cancer outcomes?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA shows TMSB10 is upregulated across multiple cancers, and in prostate cancer high TMSB10 expression correlates with poorer patient outcomes.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What do functional experiments show when TMSB10 is altered in prostate cancer cells?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"TMSB10 silencing suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion in LNCaP and DU145 cells, while overexpression enhances these oncogenic processes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"How does TMSB10 influence the tumor immune microenvironment?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"TMSB10 overexpression skews macrophage polarization away from M1 toward M2, decreasing immune cytotoxicity and changing cytokine secretion, indicating a role in immune evasion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},372337,1790467528,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":31},962084931830,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd","Xia et al. Molecular Medicine (2025) 31:160 [https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01211-8](https://doi.org/10.1186/s10020-025-01211-8)  \nMolecular Medicine  \n RESEARCH Open Access  \nTMSB10 drives prostate cancer  \naggressiveness via immune microenvironment regulation  \nHaoran Xia1,2, Jiaxin Ning3, Xiaoxiao Guo1,2, Hongchen Song1,2, Xuanhao Li1,2* and Xuan Wang3*  \nAbstract  \nThymosin β10 (TMSB10) has emerged as a key player in the progression of prostate cancer, significantly influencing the tumor immune microenvironment. Pan-cancer analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) revealed that TMSB10 is upregulated across multiple cancer types, particularly in prostate cancer, where highTMSB10 expression correlates with poorer patient outcomes. Functional assays using prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP and DU145 showed that TMSB10 silencing suppresses cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while overexpression enhances these oncogenic processes. Furthermore, co-culture experiments demonstrated that TMSB10 overexpression  \nskews macrophage polarization, decreasing the population of M1-type macrophages while increasing M2-type macrophages. This shift reduces immune cell cytotoxicity and alters cytokine secretion, highlighting TMSB10’s role in immune evasion. These findings establish TMSB10 as a pivotal factor in prostate cancer biology, promoting tumor aggressiveness and modulating the immune response within the tumor microenvironment. TMSB10 presents a promising therapeutic target for prostate cancer, offering new avenues for treatments aimed at altering the tumor immune landscape. This research also provides a foundation for further exploration ofTMSB10’s role in other cancers. Keywords TMSB10, Prostate cancer, Tumor immune microenvironment, Macrophage polarization, Immune evasion, Cancer therapy  \n*Correspondence: Xuanhao Li [yymwlixh@126.com](yymwlixh@126.com)[ ](yymwlixh@126.com)Xuan Wang [wangxuan_bjh@126.com](wangxuan_bjh@126.com)  \nFull list of author information is available at the end of the article  \n© The Author(s) 2025. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.)[.](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.)  \nXia et al. Molecular Medicine (2025) 31:160 Page 2 of 20  \nGraphical abstract  \nIntroduction  \nProstate cancer, as one of the principal types of male malignancies globally, has garnered widespread attention due to its rising incidence and mortality rates (Sunget al. 2021; Sekhoacha et al. 2022; Bergengren et al. 2023). According to statistics, in the past 2023, new cases of prostate cancer in the United States accounted for 29% of male cancers, and the estimated number of deaths accounted for 11% of male cancer deaths (Schaeffer et al. 2023). Although the overall mortality rate has decreased over the past few decades, it has stabilized in recent years due to an increase in late-stage diagnoses. The diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer pose numerous challenges: approximately 5% of patients are diagnosed with distant metastasis and are ineligible for curative surgery (Farolfi et al. 2021; Murthy et al. 2021; Tran et al. 2023). Currently, androgen deprivation therapy ","cbCaicbPYN53L5eB","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicbPYN53L5eB","pdf",15348367,"English","# Introduction\n## Background on prostate cancer incidence and treatment challenges\n## Link between TMSB10 and prostate cancer\n# Abstract\n## Key findings and mechanisms\n# Keywords\n## Main terms and focus","[{\"question\":\"How is TMSB10 linked to prostate cancer outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Pan-cancer analysis of TCGA shows TMSB10 is upregulated across multiple cancers, and in prostate cancer high TMSB10 expression correlates with poorer patient outcomes.\"},{\"question\":\"What do functional experiments show when TMSB10 is altered in prostate cancer cells?\",\"answer\":\"TMSB10 silencing suppresses proliferation, migration, and invasion in LNCaP and DU145 cells, while overexpression enhances these oncogenic processes.\"},{\"question\":\"How does TMSB10 influence the tumor immune microenvironment?\",\"answer\":\"TMSB10 overexpression skews macrophage polarization away from M1 toward M2, decreasing immune cytotoxicity and changing cytokine secretion, indicating a role in immune evasion.\"}]","TMSB10 drives prostate cancer aggressiveness via immune microenvironment regulation | PDF",1790194280]