[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-108961-en":3,"doc-seo-108961-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":92},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},108961,1374391974585,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review - Changing Course: Towards Better and More Sustainable Spending","Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review (September 2021) assesses the country’s macroeconomic performance and fiscal structure, then evaluates domestic revenue trends, public expenditure levels and budget execution, and the quality and management of spending. The review examines sector outcomes across health and education, highlighting sustainability, efficiency, and equity challenges. It also explores the role of digital information in policy implementation and service delivery, concluding with reform priorities to support better and more sustainable spending.","Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized  \nSeptember 2021  \nTimor-Leste Public Expenditure Review Changing Course: Towards Better and More Sustainable Spending  \nPub lic Disclosure Authorized Pub lic Disclosure Authorized Public  \nTimor-Leste Public Expenditure Review Changing Course: Towards Better and More Sustainable Spending  \nSeptember 2021  \nContents  \nContents  \n\n| Acronyms | x |\n| --- | --- |\n| Executive Summary | xv |\n| Introduction | 1 |\n| 1 Macroeconomic Performance | 5 |\n| 1.1 Policy Objectives and Macroeconomic Framework | 6 |\n| 1.2 Economic Activity | 7 |\n| 1.3 Fiscal, Monetary, and External Sectors | 9 |\n| 1.4 Conclusions and Recommendations | 20 |\n| 2 Domestic Revenue | 21 |\n| 2.1 Revenue Policy and Administration | 22 |\n| 2.2 Trends and Composition | 30 |\n| 2.3 Revenue Mobilisation Potential | 33 |\n| 2.4 Main Reform Priorities | 36 |\n| 2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations | 41 |\n| 3 Public Expenditure | 43 |\n| 3.1 Levels and Budget Execution | 44 |\n| 3.2 Composition and Drivers | 47 |\n| 3.3 Quality of Spending | 68 |\n| 3.4 Public Financial Management | 72 |\n| 3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations | 78 |\n| 4 Health | 81 |\n| 4.1 Sector Overview | 82 |\n| 4.2 Performance Indicators | 86 |\n| 4.3 Expenditure Analysis | 99 |\n| 4.4 Sustainability, Efficiency, and Equity | 107 |\n| 4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations | 113 |\n| 5 Education | 115 |\n| 5.1 Sector Overview | 116 |\n\nii  \nTimor-Leste Public Expenditure Review  \nContents  \n\n| 5.2 | Performance Indicators | 121 |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 5.3 | Expenditure Analysis | 133 |\n| 5.4 | Sustainability, Efficiency, and Equity | 138 |\n| 5.5 | Conclusions and Recommendations | 146 |\n| 6 | Digital Information | 149 |\n| 6.1 | Context and Rationale | 150 |\n| 6.2 | Digital Data and Technology | 153 |\n| 6.3 | An Application to Health Facilities | 154 |\n| 6.4 | Potential Extensions | 160 |\n| 6.5 | Conclusions and Recommendation | 162 |\n| Annex |  | 164 |\n| A. | Annex 1: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA) | 164 |\n| B. | Annex 2: Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA) | 167 |\n\nFigures  \nFigure 0.1:GDP growth (annual,%) xvi  \nFigure 0.2: Public expenditure (% GDP) xvi  \nFigure 0.3: Petroleum Fund (USD million) xvii  \nFigure 0.4: Current account (% GDP) xvii  \nFigure 0.5: Tax revenue (% GDP) xviii  \nFigure 0.6: Tax revenue (2017,% GDP) xviii  \nFigure 0.7: Public spending (% GDP, 2014-19) xx  \nFigure 0.8: Functional categories (USD million) xx  \nFigure 0.9: Fiscal multiplier (investment) xx  \nFigure 0.10: Fiscal rigidity (USD million) xx  \nFigure 0.1: PER outputs 4  \nFigure 0.2: PER structure 4  \nFigure 1.1: GNI per capita (USD, Atlas method) 6 Figure 1.2: Macroeconomic framework 6  \nFigure 1.3: GDP growth (annual,%) 8 Figure 1.4: GDP and consumption per capita (USD) 8  \nFigure 1.5: Expenditure contributions to GDP growth (percentage points) 9  \nFigure 1.6: Sectoral contributions to GDP growth (percentage points) 9  \nChanging Course: Towards Better and More Sustainable Spending  \niii  \nContents  \nFigure 1.7: Public expenditure (% GDP) 10  \nFigure 1.8: Public expenditure (% GDP) 10 Figure 1.9: Petroleum Fund (USD million) 11  \nFigure 1.10: Petroleum Fund (USD million) 11 Figure 1.11: Government revenue (% GDP) 12 Figure 1.12: Revenue (% GDP) 12  \nFigure 1.13: Deficit financing (% GDP) 13  \nFigure 1.14: Public debt (% GDP) 13 Figure 1.15: Public expenditure (% GDP) 14 Figure 1.16: Fiscal projections (USD million) 14 Figure 1.17: Petroleum Fund projection (USD million) 15 Figure 1.18: Spending projections (USD million) 15 Figure 1.19: Petroleum Fund projection (USD million) 16 Figure 1.20: Spending projections (USD million) 16 Figure 1.21: Consumer price inflation (%) 17  \nFigure 1.22: Contributions to CPI inflation 17  \nFigure 1.23: Real effective exchange rate (index) 17  \nFigure 1.24: Contributions to REER growth 17  \nFigure 1.25: Private sector credit (% GDP) 18  \nFigure 1.26: Private sector credit (% GDP) 18 Figure 1.27: Current account (% GDP) 19 F","cbCaiesHAqTO9pju","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiesHAqTO9pju","pdf",15668100,3,1,202,"English","en",105,"# Executive Summary\n# Introduction\n# Macroeconomic Performance\n## Policy Objectives and Macroeconomic Framework\n## Economic Activity\n## Fiscal, Monetary, and External Sectors\n## Conclusions and Recommendations\n# Domestic Revenue\n## Revenue Policy and Administration\n## Trends and Composition\n## Revenue Mobilisation Potential\n## Main Reform Priorities\n## Conclusions and Recommendations\n# Public Expenditure\n## Levels and Budget Execution\n## Composition and Drivers\n## Quality of Spending\n## Public Financial Management\n## Conclusions and Recommendations\n# Health\n## Sector Overview\n## Performance Indicators\n## Expenditure Analysis\n## Sustainability, Efficiency, and Equity\n## Conclusions and Recommendations\n# Education\n## Sector Overview\n## Performance Indicators\n## Expenditure Analysis\n## Sustainability, Efficiency, and Equity\n## Conclusions and Recommendations\n# Digital Information\n## Context and Rationale\n## Digital Data and Technology\n## An Application to Health Facilities\n## Potential Extensions\n## Conclusions and Recommendation\n# Annex\n## Annex 1: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA)\n## Annex 2: Public Investment Management Assessment (PIMA)","[{\"question\":\"What is the core purpose of the Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review?\",\"answer\":\"It evaluates macroeconomic conditions and the fiscal system, then reviews revenue, public expenditure, and sector performance to identify reform priorities. The goal is improved spending quality and sustainability.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report assess domestic revenue?\",\"answer\":\"It reviews revenue policy and administration, analyzes trends and composition, and evaluates potential for revenue mobilization. It also outlines main reform priorities and concludes with recommendations.\"},{\"question\":\"What topics does the report cover under public expenditure and public financial management?\",\"answer\":\"It examines expenditure levels and budget execution, spending composition and drivers, spending quality, and public financial management. It further connects findings to health and education outcomes, and discusses sustainability, efficiency, and equity.\"}]","Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review - Changing Course: Towards Better and More Sustainable Spending | PDF",1784475331,509,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":87,"head_meta":89,"extra_data":91,"updated_unix":29},"timor-leste-public-expenditure-review-changing-course-towards-better-and-more-sustainable-spending","",{"@graph":37,"@context":86},[38,54,69],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,51],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/timor-leste-public-expenditure-review-changing-course-towards-better-and-more-sustainable-spending/108961/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":63,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":64,"interactionStatistic":65},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":42,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-30","2026-07-19",true,{"@type":66,"interactionType":67,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":68},"ViewAction",{"@type":70,"mainEntity":71},"FAQPage",[72,78,82],{"name":73,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":75},"What is the core purpose of the Timor-Leste Public Expenditure Review?","Question",{"text":76,"@type":77},"It evaluates macroeconomic conditions and the fiscal system, then reviews revenue, public expenditure, and sector performance to identify reform priorities. The goal is improved spending quality and sustainability.","Answer",{"name":79,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":80},"How does the report assess domestic revenue?",{"text":81,"@type":77},"It reviews revenue policy and administration, analyzes trends and composition, and evaluates potential for revenue mobilization. It also outlines main reform priorities and concludes with recommendations.",{"name":83,"@type":74,"acceptedAnswer":84},"What topics does the report cover under public expenditure and public financial management?",{"text":85,"@type":77},"It examines expenditure levels and budget execution, spending composition and drivers, spending quality, and public financial management. 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