[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-367234-105":59,"doc-detail-367234-en":131},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":124,"head_meta":126,"extra_data":128,"updated_unix":130},105,"en","thyroid-cancer-the-tumor-immune-microenvironment-time-over-time-and-space-review","Thyroid Cancer - The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) over Time and Space - Review","","In thyroid cancer, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is central to cancer development, progression, and treatment response. The dynamic network of immune-cell interactions and humoral mediators (e.g., cytokines) continually reshapes tumor immunophenotypes and may drive progression, dedifferentiation, and therapy resistance. Under the cancer immunoediting framework, tumors sculpt an immunosuppressive milieu through reprogramming immune cells from cytotoxic to regulatory states, involving key populations and signaling axes that inform biomarker discovery and emerging immunotherapies.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/thyroid-cancer-the-tumor-immune-microenvironment-time-over-time-and-space-review/367234/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/thyroid-cancer-the-tumor-immune-microenvironment-time-over-time-and-space-review/367234.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",13,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What role does the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) play in thyroid cancer?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"TIME is crucial for thyroid cancer development, progression, and response to treatment by shaping interactions between tumor and immune cells and by continually modifying tumor immunophenotype.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the cancer immunoediting hypothesis explain immune evasion in thyroid cancer?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Cancerous tumors shape TIME to create an immunosuppressive milieu that helps them evade classic immune surveillance, including by reprogramming immune cells toward regulatory phenotypes.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Which immune cell populations are highlighted as key in TIME?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and double-negative (DN) T cells are described as playing key roles in shaping immune responses.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},367234,1790240334,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nThyroid Cancer—The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) over Time and Space  \nJuan Carlos Jaume 1,2  \nAcademic Editor: Sanjay Gupta  \nReceived: 21 January 2025  \nRevised: 17 February 2025  \nAccepted: 19 February 2025  \nPublished: 26 February 2025  \nCitation: Jaume, J.C. Thyroid Cancer—The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) over Time and Space. Cancers 2025, 17, 794 . [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers17050794  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Medicine, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital Hines, Hines, IL 60141, USA; [juan.jaume@va.gov or jjaume1@luc.edu](juan.jaume@va.gov or jjaume1@luc.edu)  \n2 Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL 60660, USA  \nSimple Summary: Immune surveillance of cancer cells is thought to prevent cancer development. Most clinically evident cancers do show immune cell infiltrates surrounding the tumor (“reactive lymphocytosis”) in pathology specimens. More than 50 years ago, it was shown that highly immunogenic tumors can spontaneously prime protective immunity, thus preventing tumor growth, a phenomenon known as tumor immunity. Current immunotherapeutic approaches for cancer treatment unleash tumor immunity by allowing for the expansion of cytotoxic immune responses. Researchers have sought to characterize the thyroid cancer immune microenvironment and compare it with immune responses in thyroid autoimmunity through development and progression. We discuss here the many immune players and their interaction throughout cancer development in the quest to come up with new target-specific immunotherapies.  \nAbstract: In thyroid cancer, the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) plays a crucial role in cancer development, progression and response to treatment. Like many other cancers, thyroid cancer creates a complex network of interactions with immune cells directly (cell-to-cell) and via humoral mediators (i.e., cytokines) . This dynamic microenvironment undergoes constant modification, which can lead to changes in the immunophenotype that might explain cancer progression, dedifferentiation and resistance to treatment. According to the cancer immunoediting hypothesis, cancerous tumors can shape their immune microenvironment to create an immunosuppressive milieu that allows them to evade classic immune surveillance. One mechanism by which this occurs is through the reprogramming of immune cells, often shifting their phenotypes from cytotoxic to regulatory. Recent research has shed light on cellular components and molecular interactions within the thyroid cancer TIME. Immune cells such as Tumor-Associated Lymphocytes (TALs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), Tumor-Associated Macrophages (TAMs) and Double-Negative (DN) T cells seem to play key roles in shaping the immune response to thyroid cancer. Additionally, cytokines, chemokines and other signaling molecules contribute to the communication and regulation of immune cells within that microenvironment. By studying these interactions, researchers aim to uncover not just potential therapeutic targets but also biomarkers of thyroid cancer that could provide clues on severity and progression. Based on that knowledge, strategies such as the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors, antigen-specific targeted immunotherapies, and immunomodulatory agents are being explored to enhance the anti-tumor immune response and overcome cancer immunosuppressive mechanisms. In this review, we analyze the available literature and provide our own experience to unravel the complexity of the thyroid immune microenvironment. Continued research in this area holds promise for improving ou","cbCaiasQoZM4LDkT","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiasQoZM4LDkT","pdf",673896,11,"English","# Introduction\n# Immune microenvironment in thyroid cancer\n## Cancer immunoediting and immune suppression\n# Key immune players and signaling mediators\n## TALs, MDSCs, TAMs, and DN T cells\n# Therapeutic implications and future directions","[{\"question\":\"What role does the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) play in thyroid cancer?\",\"answer\":\"TIME is crucial for thyroid cancer development, progression, and response to treatment by shaping interactions between tumor and immune cells and by continually modifying tumor immunophenotype.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the cancer immunoediting hypothesis explain immune evasion in thyroid cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Cancerous tumors shape TIME to create an immunosuppressive milieu that helps them evade classic immune surveillance, including by reprogramming immune cells toward regulatory phenotypes.\"},{\"question\":\"Which immune cell populations are highlighted as key in TIME?\",\"answer\":\"Tumor-associated lymphocytes (TALs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and double-negative (DN) T cells are described as playing key roles in shaping immune responses.\"}]","Thyroid Cancer - The Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME) over Time and Space - Review | PDF",1790169816,28]