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Equivalence requires correlations between reversed scales and their reliabilities, plus correlations with the original F scale in the same direction and similar magnitude. Validity requires significant correlations between reversed F scales and an external criterion measuring authoritarian tendencies, using responses affected by acquiescence and item wording direction.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/three-versions-of-the-f-scale-and-performance-on-the-semantic-differential/325971/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/three-versions-of-the-f-scale-and-performance-on-the-semantic-differential/325971.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Seraphina","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-29","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What is the study’s purpose regarding reversed F scales?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"To evaluate the adequacy of reversed F scales in terms of equivalence and validity for measuring authoritarian tendencies.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does equivalence of reversed F scales require?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Reversed scales should correlate with their respective reliabilities and correlate with the original F scale in the same direction and with roughly similar magnitude.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How is the semantic differential used as a criterion measure?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It rates concepts on seven-step bipolar scales; extremity of judgment is computed as mean absolute deviation from the midpoint across controversial and non-controversial concepts.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},325971,1790716254,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":19,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":52,"preview_page_count":4},962075114101,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165","# THREE VERSIONS OF THE F SCALE·AND PERFORMANCEON THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL¹\n\nROBERT E.MOGARSlate Unioersity of Iowa  \nclear that reversed items are comparable tothe original items in all respects but directionof wording.The purpose of the present studyis to evaluate the adequacy of reversed Fscales from the standpoint of equivalence andvalidity.Equivalence would require a correla-tion between reversed scales approaching theirrespective reliabilities as well as correlationswith the original F scale in the same directionand of roughly the same magnitude.Validitydemands significant correlations of the re-versed F scales with an external criterion ofauthoritarian tendencies.  \nITN RECENT years inferences of authoritarianpersonality trends from the California Fof investigators.Considerable evidence hasaccumulated to suggest the importance ofdeterminants of F scale performance other thanauthoritarian attitudes.Particular attentionhas been called to acquiescence response setbecause of unidirectional wording and scoringof the scale(Bass,1955;Chapman &Camp-bell,1957;Christie,Havel,&Seidenberg,1958;Jackson &Messick,1957;and Leavitt,Hax,&Roche,1955).In these studies theinvestigators used reversed F scales writtenso that items in the reversed scales were pre-sumably opposite in meaning from items in theoriginal scale.Although all of these studiesseem to indicate that a response set to acqui-esce,independent of attitudinal content,playssome role in determining scores on the F scale,there has been disagreement on the relativeimportance of acquiescence and the role itplays in relation to authoritarianism.  \n## METHOD\n\nAuthoritarian scales  \nIn a comprehensive critique of this body ofresearch,Christie et al.,(1958)conclude thatthe lack of consistent positive correlation be-tween the F scale and several independentlyconstructed reversed F scales should not beattributed to a tendency to acquiesce.Theystate that the lack of consistent positive corre-lation is more a function of inadequate reversalso that reversed items may be assessing differ-ent rather than opposing content.Brown andDatta(1959)present evidence that seems tosupport Christie's contention.They found thatcorrelates of intelligence remain significantlyrelated to authoritarianism even with responseset removed.  \nIt appears as though the relative importanceof acquiescence in F scale performance cannotbe evaluated by using reversed scales until it is  \nOf the five reversed F scales reported in the litera-ture,the Bass(1955)and Jackson-Messick(1957)versions seem to represent the most widely varyingapproaches to item revision.Bass made relatively minormodifications of the content and structure of theoriginal items while Jackson and Messick made con-siderably greater modifications in accordance with theirdesire to preserve only the style of the original state-ments.  \nPossible scores on the F and reversed F scales rangefrom 1.00 to 7.00 with highscoreson eachscale indicatingauthoritarianism.Accordingly,a positive correlationbetween any two scales indicates consistency of re-sponse to content.  \n## Criterion measure\n\nThe semantic differential consists of a set of con-cepts(e.g.,Jen,Homoserual)which are rated upon alist of seven-step bipolar scales(e.g.,Intelligent-Stupid).Twenty scales were developed on the basis ofOsgood's(Osgood &Suci,1955)analysis of“meaning”and his criteria of selection(Osgood,Suci,&Tannen-baum,1957,pp.76-78).To prevent the formation ofposition preferences,the polarity direction of the 20scales was varied throughout the list with respect tofavorability(e.g.,Intelligent-Stupid was followed byBad-Good).  \nA postulated tendency of the authoritarian person-ality is to regard group differences in“all-or-nothing”terms rather than in terms of gradations(Adorno,Frenkel-Brunswick,Levinson,&Sanford,1950,p.228),and there is some empirical evidence to supportthis contention(Stagner &Osgood,1946).Therefore,the authoritarian might be expected to justify differ-ences by attributing ","cbCaiovrAXXQBdO2","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiovrAXXQBdO2","pdf",341949,"English","# Method\n## Criterion measure\n## Subjects\n## Procedure","[{\"question\":\"What is the study’s purpose regarding reversed F scales?\",\"answer\":\"To evaluate the adequacy of reversed F scales in terms of equivalence and validity for measuring authoritarian tendencies.\"},{\"question\":\"What does equivalence of reversed F scales require?\",\"answer\":\"Reversed scales should correlate with their respective reliabilities and correlate with the original F scale in the same direction and with roughly similar magnitude.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the semantic differential used as a criterion measure?\",\"answer\":\"It rates concepts on seven-step bipolar scales; extremity of judgment is computed as mean absolute deviation from the midpoint across controversial and non-controversial concepts.\"}]","THREE VERSIONS OF THE F SCALE - AND PERFORMANCE ON THE SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL | PDF",1789971863]