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The results show fewer definite noun phrases, more “bare” noun phrases, and increased referential anomalies in first-episode psychosis, alongside elevated semantic similarity and distinct bimodal semantic distances. Findings indicate a referential disturbance in early psychosis, extending partly to the broader schizophrenia phenotype, and support integration of referential structure with semantics and speech probability.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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three dimensions of speech coherence does the study focus on?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"It targets referential structure (tracking entities via noun phrases), conceptual-semantic structure (semantic similarity between words), and predictability captured by “perplexity.”","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Which participant groups were included?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The study includes first-episode psychosis (FEP), ultra-high risk (UHR) youths, people with a family history of psychosis (FHP), and neurotypical controls (NC).",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What key changes were observed in first-episode psychosis regarding noun phrases?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"First-episode psychosis showed fewer definite noun phrases, more “bare” noun phrases lacking functional elements, an unexpected random distribution of indefinite noun phrases, and more frequent referential anomalies than 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with early psychosis and their family members  \nDerya Çokal 1 ✉ , Abdulrahman Aloraini2, Claudio Flores Palominos 3, Cemal Demirlek 4, Burcu Verim 5, Berna Yalınçetin6, Emre Bora5,6,7 and Wolfram Hinzen3,8  \n\n|  | Fundamental to coherence in discourse is referential structure – identifying entities through noun phrases (NPs, e.g. a man; that large cat) and tracking them in discourse. But coherence is also mediated by conceptual-semantic structure, as tracked through semantic similarity relations between words, and by predictability (“perplexity”) . Alterations in speech coherence have long been noted in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) along all three of these dimensions. These are likely connected, but have largely been studied in isolation. This study targeted them together, in Turkish-speaking people with a first episode of psychosis (FEP, n = 53), youths at ultra-high risk (UHR, n = 64) of SSD, people with a family history of psychosis (FHP, N = 39), and 34 neurotypical controls (NC) . In FEP, we confirmed a pattern previously attested in chronic SSD, of fewer definite NPs (e.g., this bald man), more“bare” NPs—i.e., lacking functional elements such as this/a—, and an unexpected random distribution of indefinite NPs; moreover, referential anomalies (unclarities of reference) were more prevalent in all groups relative to NC. FEP and UHR also showed higher word-to-word semantic similarity, and FEP larger image-to-text bimodal semantic distance, mirroring a pattern previously attested in English. NP-related variables related to both semantic similarity and perplexity, with crucially different correlational patterns seen for definite vs. indefinite NPs. Together, these results substantiate crosslinguistic evidence of a referential disturbance in early psychosis, partially extending to the extended schizophrenia phenotype, while additionally supporting that referential structure is |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n| closely integrated with conceptual semantics and the probabilistic structure of speech. |  |  |\n|  | Schizophrenia (2026)12:2; [https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00703-0](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-025-00703-0) |  |\n|  |  |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nIt is impossible to use language without generating referential meaning: words that we retrieve from memory for speech, need to match objects that we talk about, and the situations that we find ourselves in. Referential meaning is anchored in our knowledge of the conceptual meaning of words as encoded in semantic memory, e.g., elephant or fly. These concepts entail general information about the world, such as that elephants are typically tall and do not fly. Beyond such information as encoded in word meaning, all human languages have devices that systematically regulate reference to specific objects and events in the world, e.g., This elephant flew, where we restrict our general concept of elephants to a particular context and convey information about it. In English, these devices involve functional structure in grammar, e.g., determiners such as a, the, that, or those, which introduce noun phrases (NP, e.g., tall elephant), or pronouns (e.g., it), which can track references across discourse. Each of these devices regulates reference in different ways, e.g., the allows anaphoric reference to an elephant mentioned before, as in The elephant that flew. This happens in interaction with the grammatical configuration of the sentence, so as to give rise to a spectrum of forms of reference that range from the most generic (e.g., I don’t like elephants) toindefinite (I saw an elephant) to definite and pronominal (e.g., The elephant / it was happy) forms1,2. In this way, the determiner system along with sentential grammar orchestrate an interplay of different NP types that jointly create referential coherenc","cbCaihe025t4U3ar","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihe025t4U3ar","pdf",2032642,13,"English","# INTRODUCTION\n## Referential meaning and grammatical devices\n## Referential structure in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD)\n## Study aim and examined dimensions","[{\"question\":\"What three dimensions of speech coherence does the study focus on?\",\"answer\":\"It targets referential structure (tracking entities via noun phrases), conceptual-semantic structure (semantic similarity between words), and predictability captured by “perplexity.”\"},{\"question\":\"Which participant groups were included?\",\"answer\":\"The study includes first-episode psychosis (FEP), ultra-high risk (UHR) youths, people with a family history of psychosis (FHP), and neurotypical controls (NC).\"},{\"question\":\"What key changes were observed in first-episode psychosis regarding noun phrases?\",\"answer\":\"First-episode psychosis showed fewer definite noun phrases, more “bare” noun phrases lacking functional elements, an unexpected random distribution of indefinite noun phrases, and more frequent referential anomalies than controls.\"}]","Three dimensions of speech coherence in people with early psychosis and their family members | PDF",1790743835,33]