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The work also outlines the disease spectrum, autoantibody associations, and diagnostic challenges across acute to chronic courses.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/three-challenging-cases-of-autoimmune-encephalitis-a-case-series-and-a-review-of-the-literature/433829/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/three-challenging-cases-of-autoimmune-encephalitis-a-case-series-and-a-review-of-the-literature/433829.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Oliver","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-03","2026-09-29",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"Why should autoimmune encephalitis be included early in the differential diagnosis?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"When multisystem symptoms cannot be explained by a single neurological condition, early consideration of autoimmune encephalitis helps avoid unnecessary treatments and supports more cost-effective care.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"What causes the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis to vary?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"The immune targets different self-antigens, and specific autoantibodies are associated with the disease. Symptom patterns and disease course can change based on the affected brain region and autoantibody type.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What diagnostic approach is shown in the presented Case 1 workflow?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"Initial assessment includes emergency presentation and clinical examination, followed by investigations such as laboratory testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), alongside evaluation of possible infectious and rheumatologic causes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":75,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":77,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":79,"site_id":7},433829,1791001925,{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":83},"success",[84,88,92,96,101,106,110,115,120,123,127],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":89,"show_sort_weight":90,"slug":91},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":97,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":102,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":103,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":105},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":107,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":109},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":111,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":112,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":130},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":82,"data":132},{"doc_id":79,"user_id":133,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":107,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":55,"language":140,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":144,"read_time":113,"preview_page_count":4},8796095461610,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Clinical Case Reports  \nCASE SERIES  OPEN ACCESS   \nThree Challenging Cases of Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Case-Series and a Review of the Literature  \nMohammad Ali Bahramy1 | Pegah Pedramfard2  | Reza Shahriarirad2,3   \n1Department of Neurology, Naft Grand Hospital, Ahvaz, Iran | 2School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran | 3Thoracic and  \nVascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran Correspondence: Pegah Pedramfard ([pegahm95@gmail.com](pegahm95@gmail.com))  \nReceived: 25 April 2024 | Revised: 25 November 2025 | Accepted: 9 December 2025  \nKeywords: autoimmune | CV2/CRMP5 | encephalitis | magnetic resonance imaging | multiple organ failure | NMDAR  \n\n| ABSTRACT\u003Cbr>This manuscript highlights the importance of considering autoimmune encephalitis in patients presenting with multisystem symptoms that cannot be explained by a single neurological condition. Early inclusion of autoimmune encephalitis in the differential diagnosis can help avoid unnecessary treatments and reduce overall healthcare costs. |  |\n| --- | --- |\n| 1 | Introduction | 2 | Case Presentation |\n| Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE; see Table 1 for full list of abbreviations) encompasses a spectrum of non-infectious disorders in | 2.1 | Case 1 |\n| which the immune system targets self-antigens located on the surface or within neurons and neuroglial cells of the central ner- | 2.1.1 | Case History and Examination |\n| vous system (CNS) [1, 2] . Several specific autoantibodies have | An 18-year-old female was brought to the emergency depart- |\n| been identified in association with the disease. Patients may | ment with drowsiness and lower extremity edema. According |\n| present with a wide range of symptoms, making the diagnosis | to her family, she had been relatively healthy until 2 months |\n| particularly challenging [2] . | before admission, when she developed symptoms of depression and social withdrawal. She underwent a psychiatric evalua- |\n| The clinical presentation and disease course can vary depending | tion and was diagnosed with unipolar depressive disorder, for |\n| on the type of autoantibody involved and the region of the brain | which fluoxetine and alprazolam were prescribed. A few days |\n| affected. AIE can manifest in acute, subacute, or even chronic | later, she developed delusions, prompting the addition of queti- |\n| forms, often resulting in delayed diagnosis and consequently, | apine. However, her symptoms persisted without improvement. |\n| delayed initiation of appropriate therapy [1–3] . Herein, we pres- | She was then referred to a neurologist, and a brain magnetic |\n| ent three cases of autoimmune encephalitis, each with a distinct | resonance imaging (MRI) scan was performed, which was un- |\n| clinical presentation. | remarkable. Gradually, she developed bilateral lower extremity |\n| This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.\u003Cbr>© 2026 The Author(s). Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. |  |\n\nClinical Case Reports, 2026; 14:e71733 1 of 12  \n[https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.71733](https://doi.org/10.1002/ccr3.71733)  \nTABLE 1 | Abbreviations.  \n\n| AIE | Autoimmune encephalitis | HB | Hemoglobin |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| AKI | Acute kidney injury | HHV | Human herpesvirus |\n| ALP | Alkaline phosphatase | HSV | Herpes simplex virus |\n| ALT | Alanine aminotransferase | ICU | Intensive care unit |\n| AMPAR | α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor | INR | International normalized ratio |\n| ANA | Anti-nuclear antibody | IV | Intravascular |\n| BG | Basal ganglia | IVIG | Intravenous immunoglobulin |\n| BMI | Body mass index | LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |\n| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen | LGI1 | Leucine-rich g","cbCaivSreYbAdLZA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivSreYbAdLZA","pdf",1570541,"English","# Introduction\n## Case Presentation\n### Case 1\n#### Case History and Examination\n## Case 2\n## Case 3\n# Differential Diagnosis, Investigations, and Treatment","[{\"question\":\"Why should autoimmune encephalitis be included early in the differential diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"When multisystem symptoms cannot be explained by a single neurological condition, early consideration of autoimmune encephalitis helps avoid unnecessary treatments and supports more cost-effective care.\"},{\"question\":\"What causes the clinical presentation of autoimmune encephalitis to vary?\",\"answer\":\"The immune targets different self-antigens, and specific autoantibodies are associated with the disease. Symptom patterns and disease course can change based on the affected brain region and autoantibody type.\"},{\"question\":\"What diagnostic approach is shown in the presented Case 1 workflow?\",\"answer\":\"Initial assessment includes emergency presentation and clinical examination, followed by investigations such as laboratory testing and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), alongside evaluation of possible infectious and rheumatologic causes.\"}]","Three Challenging Cases of Autoimmune Encephalitis - A Case-Series and a Review of the Literature | PDF",1790665643]