[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-85217-en":3,"doc-seo-85217-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":83},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},85217,13056703019662,"Evangeline","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/be000253a8e92610077?_k=1778726343310543188",8,"Research & Report","Threat Vectors and the State of the Art in Defense Methods for Security in Neurotechnology","Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) integrate hardware modalities, software, and connected devices used across neurosurgery, biomedical data analysis, and neuroimaging. While BCI and neurotechnology capabilities have advanced quickly—reaching clinical trials and early consumer deployment—security research in neurosecurity has not kept pace. This paper reviews the current state of neurosecurity, surveys firmly established and highly probable threats across BCI systems, and recommends existing approaches from cybersecurity, hardware security, and machine learning that can be applied immediately to close critical gaps.","arXiv :2607 . 1045 1v 1 [ cs .CR] 11 Jul 2026  \nThreat Vectors and the State of the Art in Defense Methods for Security in Neurotechnology  \nBryce Allen Bagley 1,2 , Nathaniel Rose 1,3 , Quintus Kilbourn4 , and Matthew  \nCanham 1,2  \n1 Cerberus Neurosecurity Research Institute  \n2 Cognitive Security Institute  \n3 Dura Labs  \n4 Flashbots  \nJuly 14, 2026  \nAbstract  \nBrain-computer interfaces (BCIs) are a class of diverse hardware modalities, associated software, and connected devices which are widely used in a variety of fields, including neurosurgery, biomedical data analysis, and neuroimaging. Recent years have seen rapid advancements in BCI technology, and neurotechnology more broadly, with the first devices now passing clinical trials, early examples of consumer hardware entering the market, and many variants of consumer and medical hardware with increasingly extensive capabilities being developed rapidly. However, research and development in security for BCIs–known as neurosecurity–lags significantly behind the capabilities of BCIs themselves. In an effort to address as many vulnerabilities as feasible immediately, in this paper we review the current state of the art in neurosecurity, thoroughly survey the breadth and complexity of both firmly established and highly probable security threats to BCI systems, and provide recommendations of existing methods from cybersecurity, hardware security, and machine learning which can immediately be applied to address some of these gaps in neurosecurity.  \n1 Introduction  \nRecent years have seen rapid advancement in brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) and other neurotechnologies, particularly within the realm of systems capable of translating thought into speech, text, or device commands.[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6] However, these expanding capabilities have brought with them a growing awareness of associated privacy and security risks.  \nIn the decade and a half since the first paper on neurosecurity,[7] a number of researchers have attacked problems in this space. EEG systems have been a primary focus,[8, 9, 10], but a number of papers have described various attack types,[11, 12, 13, 14] explored information-theoretic questions related to neurosecurity,[15, 16], or reviewed a range of known and anticipated issues in neurosecurity.[17, 18, 19, 20, 21] However, compared with the scope of the threats and the pace at which neurotechnology is advancing, concerningly little research has yet been done on neurosecurity. Additionally, the spectrum of attack surfaces for neurotechnology–especially BCI systems–has not been fully explored in any of these reviews, nor has there been a comprehensive review of the wealth of techniques available from other fields which can immediately be applied to address certain threats. To our knowledge the review by Bernal et al comes closest to the former task,[20] and due to the slow pace of progress in the field it is still very relevant. However, in this paper we assess a number of attack surfaces which are absent from that review, and additionally our focus is on immediately actionable solutions rather than solely a survey of the state of the art in neurosecurity broadly.  \nOur goal in this paper is to provide as useful a review as possible for the engineers, scientists, and developers creating BCIs, as well as provide relevant technical insight for those concerned with developing effective neural data policy grounded in the reality of contemporary technology. By drawing upon the expertise of a highly interdisciplinary team spanning neuroengineering, cognitive science, computer engineering, hardware security, systems science, biological physics, and medicine, we have endeavored to compile as comprehensive as possible a taxonomy of attack surfaces relevant to neurotechnology, ranging from threats to supply chainsand ASIC-level hardware all the way to cloud servers and machine learning models, and from neurophysiology to cognitive phenomena. We place an additional emphas","cbCailGEvolEk8nV","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCailGEvolEk8nV","pdf",681785,2,1,25,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Attack Surfaces and Attack Types","[{\"question\":\"How does the paper structure its coverage of threats and defenses?\",\"answer\":\"It first presents a taxonomy of attack surfaces relevant to neurotechnology, then discusses additional defense methods from other fields that do not fit cleanly into a single attack-surface category.\"}]",1784201807,63,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":78,"head_meta":80,"extra_data":82,"updated_unix":28},"threat-vectors-and-the-state-of-the-art-in-defense-methods-for-security-in-neurotechnology","",{"@graph":36,"@context":77},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/threat-vectors-and-the-state-of-the-art-in-defense-methods-for-security-in-neurotechnology/85217/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-24","2026-07-16",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"How does the paper structure its coverage of threats and defenses?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It first presents a taxonomy of attack surfaces relevant to neurotechnology, then discusses additional defense methods from other fields that do not fit cleanly into a single attack-surface category.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":79,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":84},[85,89,93,97,102,107,112,115,120,123,127],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":86,"show_sort_weight":87,"slug":88},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":98,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":130},19,"General","general"]