[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-118438-en":3,"doc-seo-118438-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":95},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":4,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},118438,687197207057,"Sage","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0",8,"Research & Report","Thoughts Concerning Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning - Part I","Thoughts Concerning Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Part I examines the foundations and ongoing debates around whether machines can think and what “thinking” means in practice. It frames the discussion through competing philosophical positions, then connects the question to formal approaches in mathematics and informatics, including algorithmic computation, Turing-style effective methods, and programmable operations. The study outlines how experimental, behavioral definitions guide the conversation and addresses objections rooted in theological views.","Thoughts Concerning Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Part I  \nPeter G. Gyarmati  \nAbstract:  \nThis study, Thoughts Concerning Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning Part I isabout Artificial intelligence and machine learning that are nowadays one of the daily tasks of digital technology developers. Almost every day, we hear more and more miracles performed by robots, and about computer programs that solve previously impossible-looking problems. Is there a theoretical foundation at all, do we know whether machines can think? The question is exciting and still open. The study introduces the Readers to the arguments and debates on this issue.  \nKeywords: Artificial intelligence, machine learning, mathematics, informatics  \nINTRODUCTION: PURPOSEFULNESS  \n'They say, do the impossible!' 'If you tell me what's impossible, I'll do it.' (Peter Gyarmati)  \nWe are living in an era of all-encompassing importance and development of machine learning, artificial intelligence (AI) . There is a huge competition in economic life for the market share of assets made from the AI results, perfectly justifying John Neumann's1 former statement that“there is no cure for development”. To understand this huge interest now, it is worth looking back at the not-too-distant past that laid the foundation for our knowledge today.  \nCan machines think the question has arisen as computers and their peers engage in activities that a person performs with their brains?“A machine can process information, calculate, infer, and answer: perform rational operations on information. So, the machine can think 2.”  \nThe question, or the statement, provoked a highly heated, in many cases extreme, overheated, passionate debate at the time. This is understandable, as the issue also touches on deep-rooted emotional and religious beliefs. The other extreme position vis-à-vis Berkeley is represented by the Church: the machine in principle, cannot think because thinking is a property of the soul that is of divine origin. Again, others have argued that machines are incapable of thinking because thinking is essentially tied to living matter, like the brain, but machines are made of dead matter. The issue has also prompted professionals to conduct in-depth investigations. In the course of these, it soon became clear that to answer the question, it was first necessary to examine, not only in general but also specifically, what the concept of 'thinking' actually means. Already in themotto, there was a lack of exactness, which always stems from some conceptual area.  \nANSWER?  \nDifferent answers can be given to the question raised, depending based on what society, from what point of view, and even what kind of basic-skilled professional is trying to formulate the answer. Physiologists provided they dealt with the issue at all, came to a somewhat reluctant,  \n1 “There is no cure for development” J. von Neumann: Collected works. Pergamon-Press 1963. 2 E.C. Berkeley: Giant brains or Machines that think. Wiley; First Edition (1949) .  \ncautious stance. Stanley Cobb3, an English physiologist, writes, “The brain is an organ of consciousness. In man, the incredible complexity of the brain is what makes thinking possible, but any in-depth study of the anatomy and physiology of the brain cannot explain consciousness on its own. Thinking is a series of events that depend on the interaction of information generated in some parts of the brain by external stimuli and from other brain parts. ' This definition is interesting because it perceives thinking as a realistic-that is, material-sequence of events that occur in response to stimuli from the outside world. On the other hand, it is inherently resignable because of the complexity of the logical structure of the brain.  \nAs early as 1936, the English mathematician A.M. Turing4 showed that any number (for example, the solution of a mathematical problem) for which a so-called effective method (finite number of rules; algorithm nowadays","cbCaikxTw4cEoysj","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikxTw4cEoysj","pdf",294199,1,7,"English","en",105,"# Introduction: Purposefulness\n## Answer?\n## Objections\n### Theological Objection","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address about AI and machine learning?\",\"answer\":\"The study investigates whether machines can think and asks what the concept of “thinking” actually means. It notes that the theoretical foundation remains open and actively debated.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study connect thinking to computation and formal methods?\",\"answer\":\"It references Turing’s idea that any problem with an effective method can be computed by an automaton, and discusses related work by McCulloch and Pitts. The argument links clear rules and programmable procedures to what machines can perform.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the study’s stance on the meaning of “thinking”?\",\"answer\":\"It presents an operative definition: a machine can be said to think if, under clearly defined experimental conditions, it answers human questions in a way that convinces observers the source is human. The focus shifts from “can think” to “what can be programmed.”\"},{\"question\":\"What theological objection does the document mention?\",\"answer\":\"It states that thinking is a function of the human soul given by God and is not granted to other animals or machines. This position rejects machine thinking on the basis of divine origin of the soul.\"}]","Thoughts Concerning Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning - Part I | PDF",1785683609,18,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":90,"head_meta":92,"extra_data":94,"updated_unix":28},"thoughts-concerning-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-part-i","",{"@graph":36,"@context":89},[37,54,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":53},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/thoughts-concerning-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-part-i/118438/",4,{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":55,"author":56,"headline":13,"publisher":58,"fileFormat":61,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":62,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":61,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":57},"Person",{"url":41,"name":59,"@type":60},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-02",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81,85],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What problem does the study address about AI and machine learning?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The study investigates whether machines can think and asks what the concept of “thinking” actually means. It notes that the theoretical foundation remains open and actively debated.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How does the study connect thinking to computation and formal methods?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"It references Turing’s idea that any problem with an effective method can be computed by an automaton, and discusses related work by McCulloch and Pitts. The argument links clear rules and programmable procedures to what machines can perform.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"What is the study’s stance on the meaning of “thinking”?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It presents an operative definition: a machine can be said to think if, under clearly defined experimental conditions, it answers human questions in a way that convinces observers the source is human. The focus shifts from “can think” to “what can be programmed.”",{"name":86,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":87},"What theological objection does the document mention?",{"text":88,"@type":76},"It states that thinking is a function of the human soul given by God and is not granted to other animals or machines. This position rejects machine thinking on the basis of divine origin of the soul.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":91,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":59,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":93,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":96},[97,101,105,109,114,119,123,126,131,134,138],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":53,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":125},30,"research-report",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":129,"slug":130},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":129,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":129,"slug":133},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":135,"slug":137},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":139,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":140,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":141},19,"General","general"]