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is the focus of the main essays in this volume?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The main essays closely relate to Hardy’s art and thought, presenting influences and viewpoints rather than attempting an all-encompassing exploration of the subject.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"How were the essays developed and revised?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Most were written recently from notes made after an earlier Hardy volume, and revisions aimed to reduce repetition while improving clarity and expanding illustrative material.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"What literary influences are emphasized as shaping Hardy’s works?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The preface discusses interwoven influences, including the Old Testament, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, King Lear, and the role of Shelley, as well as how these contribute to Hardy’s imaginative growth and tragic 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Commentaries)  \nA HARDY COMPANION  \nONE RARE FAIR WOMAN  \nThomas Hardy's Letters to Florence Henniker,1893-1922  \n(edited,with Evelyn Hardy)  \nA JANE AUSTEN COMPANION  \nA BRONTE COMPANION  \nA COMMENTARY ON THE POEMS OF THOMAS HARDY  \nA D.H.LAWRENCE COMPANION  \nThomas Hardy:Art and Thought  \n# F.B.Pinion\n\n 爪  \n◎ F.B.Pinion 1977  \nSoftcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977  \nAll rights reserved.No part of this publication may bereproduced or transmitted,in any form or by any means,without permission  \nFirst edition 1977  \nReprinted 1978  \nPublished by  \nTHE MACMILLAN PRESS LTDLondon and BasingstokeAssociated companies inDelhi Dublin Hong KongJohannesburg Lagos MelbourneNew York Singapore Tokyo  \nISBN 978-1-349-15767-9 ISBN 978-1-349-15765-5(eBook)  \nDOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15765-5  \nTo MARJORIE,particularly for encouraging a Hardy companionship  \nContents  \nPreface  \n1XX  \nReference AbbreviationsI An Early InfluenceI2 Poetical Extravagance in FictionIO3 Pictorial ArtI64 Chance,Choice,and Charity355 The Wild Duck  \n5I5767  \n6 Mephistopheles,Satan,and Cigars7 Hardy's Humour8 The Frost's Decree879 Hardy and MythI03IO Tess and ClarissaII9II A Pure WomanI25I2 Bird ImageryI36I3 The Influence of ShelleyI48I4 The Iris-Bow and the Well-Beloved15 Intimations of Immortality58  \nSUPPLEMENT  \ni The Return of the Native in the MakingI77ii Hardy and PaterI79iii Les MisérablesI83iv During Wind and Rain186v Oxford and Fude187vi One Rare Fair Woman18gvii Abdication of a NovelistI92viii Wessex TopographyI96ix Shockerwick House200Notes203Index2II  \n# Preface\n\nThe essays which comprise the main part of this volume are closelyrelated to Hardy's art and thought,though no attempt has been madeto explore this area as a whole.Such an aim must be rather self-defeating,since all the important influences which combined to generateand mould his works are not yet known.I have,moreover,tried ingeneral to avoid familiar approaches,and to present new points of viewor relatively unexplored territory.  \nMost of the essays have been written recently,developing from notesmade since the publication of AHardy Companion in 1968.The onlytwo to be published in any form(4,9)were read as papers at schoolsorganized by the Thomas Hardy Society in I972 and I975.Another  \n(8)was given at Manchester in I974;and a fourth (3),at the Universityof Kansas in I975.All these have been revised,principally with theaim of reducing repetition to a minimum consonant with clarity,and ofincreasing the range and variety of illustrative material.Two others  \n(6,I2)are more complete expositions of subjects which were outlinedwith fewer references in AHardy Companion,and another(I5)enlargesconsiderably on the final section of my Thomas Hardy Birthday Lecturein I974.  \nOne question which emerges from these studies is the extent to whichHardy's art was influenced by other writers.The Mayor of Caster-bridge,for example,was written to be popular,yet,as other critics haveshown,the Old Testament,the Oedipus Rex of Sophocles,and KingLear all contributed significantly to its imaginative growth.It is nowclear that its tragic conclusion owes a great deal to Les Misérables.I have discussed several other literary influences at various points,nonemore important in the aggregate than that of Shelley.  \nThe supplement consists of shorter articles,most of which are relatedto the main work.All,I believe,throw new light on Hardy's writings,some on particular places,some with wider implications.'The Returnof the Native in the Making'is included by kind permission of the editorof The Times Literary Supplement,where it appeared as part of aslightly longer article on 21 August 1970.  \n# Reference Abbreviations\n\nLifeF.E.Hardy,The Life of Thomas Hardy,London and NewYork,I962.  \nOrelH.Orel,Thomas Hardy's Personal Writings,Lawrence,Kans.,I966 and London,I967.  \nORFW Evelyn Hardy and F.B.Pinion (eds.),One ","cbCaij4baIRFglJX","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaij4baIRFglJX","pdf",22865775,222,"English","# Preface\n# Reference Abbreviations\n# Contents\n## 1 An Early Influence\n## 2 Poetical Extravagance in Fiction\n## 3 Pictorial Art\n## 4 Chance, Choice, and Charity\n## 5 The Wild Duck\n## 6 Mephistopheles, Satan, and Cigars\n## 7 Hardy's Humour\n## 8 The Frost's Decree\n## 9 Hardy and Myth\n## Supplement\n## i The Return of the Native in the Making\n## ii Hardy and Pater\n## iii Les Misérables\n## iv During Wind and Rain\n## v Oxford and Fude\n## vi One Rare Fair Woman\n## vii Abdication of a Novelist\n## viii Wessex Topography\n## ix Shockerwick House\n# Notes\n# Index","[{\"question\":\"What is the focus of the main essays in this volume?\",\"answer\":\"The main essays closely relate to Hardy’s art and thought, presenting influences and viewpoints rather than attempting an all-encompassing exploration of the subject.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the essays developed and revised?\",\"answer\":\"Most were written recently from notes made after an earlier Hardy volume, and revisions aimed to reduce repetition while improving clarity and expanding illustrative material.\"},{\"question\":\"What literary influences are emphasized as shaping Hardy’s works?\",\"answer\":\"The preface discusses interwoven influences, including the Old Testament, Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex, King Lear, and the role of Shelley, as well as how these contribute to Hardy’s imaginative growth and tragic outcomes.\"}]","Thomas Hardy: Art and Thought | PDF",1789949557,342]