[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-227817-en":3,"doc-seo-227817-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":27,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},227817,8796095461564,"Liam","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_155a257f0dc6eb9ab79c44ca47cae57d",8,"Research & Report","Thermophysical Analysis of Gale Crater using TES and THEMIS observations - Abstract","Thermophysical properties within and surrounding Gale Crater are analyzed using Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) TES and Mars Odyssey THEMIS observations. THEMIS provides higher spatial resolution but larger absolute temperature uncertainty than TES. Apparent thermal inertia is derived from both datasets: TES supports seasonal thermal inertia variation analysis, while THEMIS supports smaller-scale spatial variation analysis. Variations are compared with models of horizontal mixtures and layered materials to constrain surface physical heterogeneity in and around Gale Crater.","Thermophysical Analysis of Gale Crater using TES and  \nTHEMIS observations.  \nEdward M. Barratt (1,2) and Nathaniel E. Putzig (1)  \n(1) Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, Colorado, 80302, USA,(2) University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, 80309, USA. ([eddy@boulder.swri.edu](eddy@boulder.swri.edu))  \nAbstract  \nWe present an analysis of thermophysical properties within and surrounding Gale Crater using data from the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) . THEMIS images provide higher spatial resolution (􀀘 100 m per pixel) but larger absolute uncertainty in temperature relative to TES (􀀘 3 km per pixel) . We derive apparent thermal inertia from TES data and THEMIS images, using the TES results to analyse seasonal thermal inertia variations and the THEMIS results to analyse smaller scale spatial variations. We compare the variations to those found for horizontal mixtures and layers of different materials to better constrain the physical heterogeneity of surfaces in and around Gale Crater.  \n1. Introduction  \nThermal inertia (I) is a bulk property that controlshow a volume of material stores and conducts heat. Theoretically, the surface temperature of an object with negligible thermal inertia would respond instantaneously to radiative forcing, depending solely on incident radiation and the object's albedo (A) . In reality, geologic material has non-zero conductivity (k) that spreads heat into its interior, while its density (􀀚) and heat capacity (c) allow it to store heat. Together, these three properties comprise the thermal inertia:  \nI 􀀑 pk􀀚c (1)  \nWe use the SI derived unit of thermal inertia, tiu:  \ntiu 􀀑 J m 􀀀2K 􀀀1s 􀀀1=2 (2)  \nThe temperature of a surface is determined by a balance of the upward radiated heat from the surface with downwelling heat flux due to solar insolation, atmospheric radiation, subsurface heat conduction, and anyother heat sources. In the case of Mars, another heat  \nsource that must be considered is latent heat due to seasonal CO2 condensation and sublimation. For geologic materials under Martian surface conditions, thermal inertia generally increases with grain size, providing a means to assess the physical properties of the near-surface using observations of temperature.  \nTogether with surface brightness temperature, the TES instrument provided albedo (A) and atmospheric dust opacity (􀀜D ), which were used in our derivations of thermal inertia. Albedo within Gale Crater was seen to change from year to year, with changes occurring after major dust storms. THEMIS measurements taken after the failure of the TES spectrometer rely on seasonal forecasts of 􀀜D , and assume that A has remained unchanged since the last global dust storm of the MGS operational period. A complete description of the thermal-inertia derivation technique is described by [1] and references therein.  \n2 Surface Heterogeneity  \nIn the technique used here to derive thermal inertia, the surface properties are assumed to be homogeneous within the area sampled by the measurement (i.e. within each 3-km pixel for TES and each 100-m pixel for THEMIS), both laterally and vertically to a few seasonal thermal skin depths. Because of its nonlinear relationship to temperature, the derived thermal inertia over heterogeneous regions will not be a simple average of thermal inertia in that region. In fact, when sampling the same pixel of a heterogeneous region, different values of derived thermal inertia may result depending on the season and the time of day. Such changes in derived thermal inertia between observations can be used to constrain the sub-pixel and subsurface distribution of thermal inertia. Fig. 1 presents maps of thermal inertia derived from TES nighttime measurements for two different seasons and demonstrates that Gale Crater is considerably heterogeneous, at least for the 20 pixel-per-degree TES sampling.  \nModel curves for seasonal apparent ","cbCaicFDRoKDu9Yc","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicFDRoKDu9Yc","pdf",4910581,1,2,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n# Surface Heterogeneity\n# Themis Interpretation\n# Summary\n# References","[{\"question\":\"Which instruments and datasets are used to analyze Gale Crater thermophysical properties?\",\"answer\":\"The analysis uses Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) observations.\"},{\"question\":\"How do TES and THEMIS differ for temperature and spatial resolution?\",\"answer\":\"THEMIS images offer higher spatial resolution (about 100 m per pixel) but larger absolute uncertainty in temperature than TES (about 3 km per pixel).\"},{\"question\":\"How is apparent thermal inertia derived and what is it used to study?\",\"answer\":\"Apparent thermal inertia is derived from TES data and THEMIS images; TES is used for seasonal variation analysis, while THEMIS supports smaller-scale spatial variation analysis, enabling constraints on surface heterogeneity through comparisons with mixture and layered-material models.\"}]","Thermophysical Analysis of Gale Crater using TES and THEMIS observations - Abstract | PDF",1789015462,5,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"thermophysical-analysis-of-gale-crater-using-tes-and-themis-observations-abstract","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/thermophysical-analysis-of-gale-crater-using-tes-and-themis-observations-abstract/227817/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-11","2026-09-10",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Which instruments and datasets are used to analyze Gale Crater thermophysical properties?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The analysis uses Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) data and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) observations.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"How do TES and THEMIS differ for temperature and spatial resolution?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"THEMIS images offer higher spatial resolution (about 100 m per pixel) but larger absolute uncertainty in temperature than TES (about 3 km per pixel).",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How is apparent thermal inertia derived and what is it used to study?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Apparent thermal inertia is derived from TES data and THEMIS images; TES is used for seasonal variation analysis, while THEMIS supports smaller-scale spatial variation analysis, enabling constraints on surface heterogeneity through comparisons with mixture and layered-material models.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,109,114,119,122,127,130,134],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":98,"show_sort_weight":99,"slug":100},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":102,"show_sort_weight":103,"slug":104},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":106,"show_sort_weight":107,"slug":108},"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":111,"show_sort_weight":112,"slug":113},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":115,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":116,"show_sort_weight":117,"slug":118},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},30,"research-report",{"id":123,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":124,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":126},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":125,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":128,"show_sort_weight":125,"slug":129},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":131,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":132,"show_sort_weight":131,"slug":133},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":135,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":136,"show_sort_weight":29,"slug":137},19,"General","general"]