[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-618668-105":59,"doc-detail-618668-en":129},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":122,"head_meta":124,"extra_data":126,"updated_unix":128},105,"en","theory-of-sonochemistry-review","Theory of Sonochemistry - Review","","Sonochemistry describes ultrasound-initiated chemical processes in liquids driven by bubble–sound interactions and acoustic cavitation. The review analyzes core fundamentals of acoustic cavitation and key theoretical topics: dynamics of bubble oscillation, rectified diffusion responsible for cavitation bubble growth, near-adiabatic collapse producing extreme reaction conditions, and chemical species formed inside collapsing bubbles that drive different redox reactions. A focused discussion on single-bubble sonochemistry is provided.",{"@graph":69,"@context":121},[70,84,104],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/theory-of-sonochemistry-review/618668/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":98,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":99,"interactionStatistic":100},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/theory-of-sonochemistry-review/618668.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"CatatanPagi","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-19",true,{"@type":101,"interactionType":102,"userInteractionCount":4},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":103},"ViewAction",{"@type":105,"mainEntity":106},"FAQPage",[107,113,117],{"name":108,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":110},"What is sonochemistry and what drives it?","Question",{"text":111,"@type":112},"Sonochemistry refers to ultrasound-initiated chemical processes in liquids. Acoustic cavitation, produced by interactions between bubbles and sound energy, provides the extreme physical and chemical conditions that drive reactions.","Answer",{"name":114,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":115},"Which theoretical aspects does the review cover?",{"text":116,"@type":112},"The review covers bubble oscillation dynamics, rectified diffusion for cavitation-bubble growth, near-adiabatic collapse leading to extreme reaction conditions, and chemical species formed during collapse that enable various redox reactions.",{"name":118,"@type":109,"acceptedAnswer":119},"How did acoustic cavitation develop historically?",{"text":120,"@type":112},"The phenomenon of cavitation was first reported in 1895, followed by early mathematical modeling and later observations connecting intense ultrasound with light emission and radical generation. 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The interaction between bubbles and sound energy in liquids results in acoustic cavitation. This review presents the fundamental aspects of acoustic cavitation and theoretical aspects behind sonochemistry such as dynamics of bubble oscillation, the rectified diffusion process that is responsible for the growth of cavitation bubbles, near adiabatic collapse of cavitation bubbles resulting in extreme reaction conditions and several chemical species generated within collapsing bubbles that are responsible for various redox reactions. Specifically, a detailed discussion on single bubble sonochemistry is provided.  \nKeywords Sonochemistry 􀀂 Acoustic cavitation 􀀂 Single bubble dynamics 􀀂  \nSonoluminescence  \n1 Introduction  \nUltrasound refers to sound waves beyond the frequency that can be detected by the human ear. Sound waves with a frequency greater than 20 kHz fall into this category. Ultrasound is divided into three main regions: low frequency (20–100 kHz), intermediate frequency (100 kHz–1 MHz) and high frequency (1–10 MHz) [1]; however, intermediate range is also sometimes referred to as high frequency. Ultrasound interacts with gas bubbles in liquids to generate chemical reactions and strong physical forces that can be used for various  \nThis article is part of the Topical Collection‘‘Sonochemistry: From basic principles to innovative applications’’; edited by Juan Carlos Colmenares Q., Gregory Chatel.  \n& Muthupandian Ashokkumar [masho@unimelb.edu.au](masho@unimelb.edu.au)  \n1 School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia  \nprocessing applications and for promoting chemical reactions. The driving force for the generation of chemical and physical forces is acoustic cavitation, which generates extreme temperatures and pressures. The consequences of these extreme conditions generated include radical generation, light emission-sonoluminescence (SL), shock waves, microjets, microstreaming, shear forces and turbulence [1] . As a result of these strong physical and chemical effects, various applications of acoustic cavitation have been developed for commercial use including wastewater treatment [2] and the formation of protein microbubbles which can be used for flavour encapsulation and drug delivery [3] .  \n2 History  \nThe phenomenon of cavitation was first reported by Thornycroft and Barnaby [4] in 1895. In 1917 Rayleigh published the first mathematical model describing cavitation in an incompressible liquid [5] . In the 1930s Brohult [6] and other groups discovered that sonication can be used for the degradation of bio- and synthetic polymers. In 1935 Frenzel and Schulze [7] reported for the first time that light emission occurred in water when exposed to intense ultrasound. In 1944 Weiss [8] observed that the sonication of water leads to the generation of hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals, and in 1956 Parke and Taylor [9] provided the first experimental evidence for the formation of OH radicals in aqueous solutions. The first observations on chemical reactions in organic solutions were made in the early 1950s. It was found that methanol solutions containing diphenylpicrylhydrazyl were decolourised, indicating the formation of free radicals [10] . Also, the first computer calculations modelling a cavitation bubble were published by Neppiras and Noltingk [11] in 1950 . Makino et al. [12] used spin trapping agents and electron spin resonance measurements to verify the formation of H and OH radicals during the sonication of water. It was reported in 1987 by Henglein [13] that over 80 % of primary radicals originally generated in the hotspot recombine to pro","cbCaivxjHhVOjrCW","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivxjHhVOjrCW","pdf",1952068,28,"English","# Introduction\n# History\n# Acoustic Cavitation\n## Bubble Formation","[{\"question\":\"What is sonochemistry and what drives it?\",\"answer\":\"Sonochemistry refers to ultrasound-initiated chemical processes in liquids. Acoustic cavitation, produced by interactions between bubbles and sound energy, provides the extreme physical and chemical conditions that drive reactions.\"},{\"question\":\"Which theoretical aspects does the review cover?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers bubble oscillation dynamics, rectified diffusion for cavitation-bubble growth, near-adiabatic collapse leading to extreme reaction conditions, and chemical species formed during collapse that enable various redox reactions.\"},{\"question\":\"How did acoustic cavitation develop historically?\",\"answer\":\"The phenomenon of cavitation was first reported in 1895, followed by early mathematical modeling and later observations connecting intense ultrasound with light emission and radical generation. Subsequent studies expanded to polymer degradation, radical verification methods, and broader chemical-enhancement applications.\"}]","Theory of Sonochemistry - Review | PDF",71]