[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40903-en":3,"doc-seo-40903-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":83},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40903,962075114101,"Seraphina","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/e000253a75eb197efd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1780044092746381165",8,"Research & Report","Theory of International Politics","The text introduces foundational concepts for analyzing international politics through theories and laws. It sets out three aims: to evaluate competing theoretical approaches, to construct a theory that addresses shortcomings in existing accounts, and to demonstrate applications of the constructed theory. A central focus is how to define “theory” and “law,” distinguishing invariant laws from probabilistic law-like statements and explaining how repeated findings justify expectations about future relations. It also discusses the empirical testing of theories and warns against confusing correlation with causation.","Contents  \nChapter 1 Laws and Theories 1  \nChapter 2 Reductionist Theories 18  \nChapter 3 Systemic Approaches and Theories 38  \nChapter 4 Reductionist and Systemic Theories 60  \nChapter 5 Political Structures 79  \nChapter 6 Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power 102  \nChapter 7 Structural Causes and Economic Effects 129  \nChapter 8 Structural Causes and Military Effects 161  \nChapter 9 The Management of International Affairs 194  \nAppendix 211  \nBibliography 223  \nIndex 241  \n1  \nLavvs and Theories  \nI write this book with three aims in mind: first, to examine theories of international politics and approaches to the subject matter that make some claim to being theoretically important; second , to construct a theory of international politics that remedies the defects of present theories; and third, to examine some applications of the theory constructed. The required preliminary to the accomplishment of these tasks is to say what theories are and to state the requirements for testing them.  \nI  \nStudents of international politics use the term \"theory\" freely, often to cover any work that departs from mere description and seldom to refer only to work that meets philosophy-of-science standards. The aims I intend to pursue require that definitions of the key terms theory and law be carefully chosen. Whereas two definitions of theory vie for acceptance , a simple definition of law is widely accepted. Laws establish relations between variables , variables being concepts that can take different values. If a, then b, where a stands for one or more independent variables and b stands for the dependent variable: In form , this is the statement of a law. If the relation between a and b is invariant, the law is absolute.  If the relation is highly constant, though not invariant, the law would read like this: If a, then b with probability x. A law is based not simply on a relation that has been found , but on one that has been found repeatedly. Repetition gives rise to the expectation that if I find a in the future , then with specified probability I will also find b. In the natural sciences even probabilistic laws contain a strong imputation of necessity. In the social sciences to say that persons of specified income vote Democratic with a certain probability is to make a law-like statement. The word like implies a lesser sense of necessity. Still , the statement would not be at all like a law unless the relation had so often and so reliably been found  \nin the past that the expectation of its holding in the future with comparable probability is high. *  \nBy one definition , theories are collections or sets of laws pertaining to a particular behavior or phenomenon . In addition to income , for example, associations may be established between voters' education , their religion , and their parents' political commitment, on the one hand, and the way they vote, on the other hand. If the probabilistic laws thus established are taken together, higher correlations are achieved between voters' characteristics (the independent variables ) and choice of party (the dependent variable ) . Theories are , then, more complex than laws , but only quantitatively so . Between laws and theories no difference of kind appears.  \nThis first definition of theory supports the aspiration of those many social scientists who would \"build\" theory by collecting carefully verified, interconnected hypotheses . The following story suggests how most political scientists think of theory:  \nHomer describes the walls of Troy as being eight feet thick. If his account is true, then millenia later one should be able to find those walls by careful digging. This thought occurred to Heinrich Schliemann as a boy, and as a man he put the theory to empirical test . Karl Deutsch uses the story as an example of how new style theories are tested (1966, pp. 168-69 ) . A theory is born in conjecture and is viable if the conjecture is confirmed. Deutsch regards theories of the simple if then","cbCaicVJ7zGNfVi7","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaicVJ7zGNfVi7","pdf",5351408,2,1,257,"English","en",105,"# Chapter 1 Laws and Theories\n## Definitions of theory and law\n## Probabilistic law-like relations\n## Theories as sets of laws\n## Empirical testing and correlation vs causation\n# Chapter 2 Reductionist Theories\n# Chapter 3 Systemic Approaches and Theories\n# Chapter 4 Reductionist and Systemic Theories\n# Chapter 5 Political Structures\n# Chapter 6 Anarchic Orders and Balances of Power\n# Chapter 7 Structural Causes and Economic Effects\n# Chapter 8 Structural Causes and Military Effects\n# Chapter 9 The Management of International Affairs\n# Appendix\n# Bibliography\n# Index","[{\"question\":\"Why is correlation not sufficient to claim causation, according to the text?\",\"answer\":\"The text notes that even high correlations do not warrant causal claims; focusing on variance explained can create an illusion that a causal connection has been established when the evidence may only reflect associations captured by regression of plotted points.\"}]",1783316513,648,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":78,"head_meta":80,"extra_data":82,"updated_unix":28},"theory-of-international-politics","",{"@graph":36,"@context":77},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,47,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":48,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":49},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/theory-of-international-politics/40903/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-11","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why is correlation not sufficient to claim causation, according to the text?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"The text notes that even high correlations do not warrant causal claims; focusing on variance explained can create an illusion that a causal connection has been established when the evidence may only reflect associations captured by regression of plotted points.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":79,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":84},[85,89,93,97,102,107,112,115,120,123,127],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":86,"show_sort_weight":87,"slug":88},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":98,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":130},19,"General","general"]