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This review synthesizes cellular mechanisms in vitro and in vivo, comparing genistein, daidzein, and equol across hormone-mediated signaling, cell-cycle regulation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, and epigenetic regulation.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-use-of-soy-isoflavones-in-the-treatment-of-prostate-cancer-a-focus-on-the-cellular-effects/384306/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-use-of-soy-isoflavones-in-the-treatment-of-prostate-cancer-a-focus-on-the-cellular-effects/384306.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Fans","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",10,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59,65,69],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What diet-related evidence links soy isoflavones to prostate cancer risk?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between soy isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk. The article notes a geographical difference in incidence and mortality, with dietary habits repeatedly associated with these patterns.","Answer",{"name":66,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":67},"Why is equol considered especially interesting among soy isoflavone derivatives?",{"text":68,"@type":64},"Equol has gained interest because it is more biologically potent than other isoflavones. The review also discusses equol’s formation by gut bacteria and its distinct biological characteristics, including antioxidant activity.",{"name":70,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":71},"Which cellular mechanisms are compared across genistein, daidzein, and equol?",{"text":72,"@type":64},"The review compares mechanisms including androgen- and estrogen-mediated pathways, regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. 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The Use of Soy Isoflavones in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: A Focus on the Cellular Effects.  \nNutrients 2023, 15, 4856. [https://](https://)[ ](https://)[doi.org/10.3390/nu15234856](doi.org/10.3390/nu15234856)  \nAcademic Editor: Giorgio Ivan Russo  \nReceived: 19 October 2023  \nRevised: 18 November 2023  \nAccepted: 19 November 2023  \nPublished: 21 November 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Urology, University Hospital Brussels, 1090 Brussels, Belgium  \n2 Department of Urology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; [steven.joniau@uzleuven.be](steven.joniau@uzleuven.be)  \n3 Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;  \ncharlien.berghen@uzleuven.be (C.B.); [kato.rans@uzleuven.be](kato.rans@uzleuven.be) (K.R.); [gert.demeerleer@uzleuven.be](gert.demeerleer@uzleuven.be) (G.D.M.)  \n* [Correspondence: vandereeckenhans@gmail.com](Correspondence: vandereeckenhans@gmail.com); Tel.: +32-2-477-41-11  \nAbstract: A possible link between diet and cancer has long been considered, with growing interest in phytochemicals. Soy isoflavones have been associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer in Asian populations. Of the soy isoflavones, genistein and daidzein, in particular, have been studied, but recently, equol as a derivative has gained interest because it is more biologically potent. Different mechanisms of action have already been studied for the different isoflavones in multiple conditions, such as breast, gastrointestinal, and urogenital cancers. Many of these mechanisms of action could also be demonstrated in the prostate, both in vitro and in vivo. This review focuses on the known mechanisms of action at the cellular level and compares them between genistein, daidzein, andequol. These include androgen-and estrogen-mediated pathways, regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. In addition, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and epigenetics are addressed.  \nKeywords: isoflavone; genistein; daidzein; equol; prostate cancer  \n1. Introduction  \nGlobally, a geographical difference is observed in prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality. East Asia has a lower PCa incidence than Western countries. These differences are associated with a migration effect: migrant Japanese men are at the same risk of PCa as Native Americans living in the United States [1] . These differences have been repeatedly associated with dietary habits. Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between soy isoflavone intake and PCa risk [2,3] . A large number of preclinical studies have proposed some elucidating mechanisms in the carcinogenesis of PCa by soy isoflavones. However, clinical data to confirm this preclinical evidence are currently lacking. Extensive studies and reviews have already been published on the mechanisms of action of soy isoflavones [4–8] .  \nThe disease characteristics of PCa, with high incidence, long latency, the availability of tumor markers (prostate-specific antigen (PSA)), heterogeneous risk groups, and the presence of pre-neoplastic lesions, make PCa suitable for chemoprevention by soy and other nutraceuticals [9] .  \nThis review focuses exclusively on the cellular effects and the potential clinical use of soy isoflavones, in particular, genistein, daidzein, and its metabolite equ","cbCaivtDbiBFpLwP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivtDbiBFpLwP","pdf",971212,15,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Soy—One Word, Different Worlds","[{\"question\":\"What diet-related evidence links soy isoflavones to prostate cancer risk?\",\"answer\":\"Epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between soy isoflavone intake and prostate cancer risk. The article notes a geographical difference in incidence and mortality, with dietary habits repeatedly associated with these patterns.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is equol considered especially interesting among soy isoflavone derivatives?\",\"answer\":\"Equol has gained interest because it is more biologically potent than other isoflavones. The review also discusses equol’s formation by gut bacteria and its distinct biological characteristics, including antioxidant activity.\"},{\"question\":\"Which cellular mechanisms are compared across genistein, daidzein, and equol?\",\"answer\":\"The review compares mechanisms including androgen- and estrogen-mediated pathways, regulation of the cell cycle and cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis. It also addresses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and epigenetic regulation.\"}]","The Use of Soy Isoflavones in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer - A Focus on the Cellular Effects | PDF",1790262113,38]