[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-126459-en":3,"doc-seo-126459-105":31,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":93},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":28,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":29,"read_time":30},126459,8796095027276,"Valentina","https://avatar.qwps.com/avatar/d3BzX2FwX3Rlc3RfMjUxMTI2XzAxODA=",8,"Research & Report","The use of physical optics and machine learning in modelling the QUBIC beam pattern - Research findings","QUBIC (Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology) is a ground-based telescope designed to measure the cosmic microwave background’s extremely faint primordial B-mode polarization signal as evidence for cosmic inflation. Its bolometric interferometer produces a complex multi-peaked synthesized antenna beam that must be accurately characterized. The study models the QUBIC beam at multiple frequencies and focal-plane detector positions using physical optics simulations, then applies machine learning interpolation to reduce computational cost. LSTM reproduces the synthesized beam more effectively than an MLP and is used to generate beams for all 248 detectors at 150 GHz, with impacts assessed on the recovered B-mode spectrum.","The use of physical optics and machine learning in modelling the  \nQUBIC beam pattern.  \nA.B. Flood 1,2, C. O’Sullivan 1, M.L. Gradziel 1, D. Gayer 1, S Marwede 1, J-CH. Hamilton3, S. Torchinsky3,6, T. Laclavere3, L. Kardum3, M. Regnier3, E. S. Battistelli5, P. de Bernardis5,  \nB. Costanza7, S. Ferazzoli5, M. Gervasi, S. Masi5, N. Mirón-Granese7, L. Mousset9, C. Scóccola7,8, M. Zannoni4  \n1Physics Department, Maynooth University, Maynooth Co. Kildare, Ireland;  \n2Hamilton Institute, Maynooth University, Maynooth Co. Kildare, Ireland; 3Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;  \n4Physics Department “G. Occhialini” University of Milano Bicocca, Italy;  \n5Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy;  \n6Université PSL, Observatoire de Paris, Astroparticule et Cosmologie, Paris, France; 7Facultad de Ciencias Astronómicas y Geofísicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina; 8Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; 9Laboratoire de Physique de l’École Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Paris 75005, France;  \nABSTRACT  \nThe Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a ground-based telescope which will observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with the goal of detecting its extremely faint primordial B-mode polarization pattern as observational evidence for the theory of inflation in the early Universe.  \nQUBIC has a novel bolometric interferometer design that allows it to have precise control over instrument systematics and to remove astronomical foregrounds which would otherwise obscure the CMB polarization signal. Due to its interferometric design, QUBIC has a complex multi-peaked antenna beam pattern known as the synthesized beam which must be well known in order to correctly process the QUBIC data. We have modelled the QUBIC beam pattern at multiple frequencies and for detectors located at different positions in the focal plane using precise electromagnetic and physical optics simulations. For the complex setup of the QUBIC telescope these simulations are computationally expensive.  \nIn this work we use machine learning to interpolate the beam at multiple frequencies and detector locations in order to reduce the amount of computation required to model it. For our purposes, two types of neural networks were used: a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) model and a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. For the amount of data generated, only the LSTM model was successful in replicating the synthesized beam to a satisfactory degree. We used the LSTM machine learning (ML) model to generate the synthesized beam for all 248 detectors at 150 GHz and compared its use in our analysis pipeline to a fully simulated PO beam and an approximate analytical model. From this it can be seen that although the ML prediction did not replicate the PO synthesized beam perfectly, it was closer than the beam produced with the analytical formula. Finally, we show the effect of the differences in beam pattern prediction on the recovered B-mode spectrum of the CMB.  \nKeywords: Physical Optics, Beam Pattern, Cosmic Microwave Background, Bolometric Interferometer, Machine Learning  \nUV/Optical/IR Space Telescopes and Instruments: Innovative Technologies and Concepts XII, edited by Jonathan W. Arenberg, H. Philip Stahl, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 13623, 136230J  \n2025 Published by SPIE · 0277-786X · doi: 10. 1117/12 .3064328  \nProc. of SPIE Vol. 13623 136230J-1  \n1. INTRODUCTION  \nThe Q and U Bolometric Interferometer for Cosmology (QUBIC) is a ground-based telescope which will observe the cosmic microwave background (CMB) with the goal of detecting its extremely faint primordial B-mode polarization pattern as observational evidence for the theory of inflation[1] . A QUBIC technical demonstrator (TD) is currently undergoing commissioning at the observing site near Salta in Argentina.  \nQUBIC has a novel bolometric int","cbCairZDKXeMNNB8","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCairZDKXeMNNB8","pdf",1746335,9,1,17,"English","en",105,"# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## QUBIC telescope and synthesized beam requirements\n## Physical optics simulation cost\n## Neural networks for beam interpolation\n# Methods and results\n## Electromagnetic/physical optics modelling\n## Neural network architectures (MLP, LSTM)\n## Comparison with simulated PO and analytical model\n## Impact on recovered B-mode spectrum","[{\"question\":\"Why is the QUBIC synthesized beam important for data processing?\",\"answer\":\"The interferometric design produces a complex multi-peaked synthesized antenna beam that must be precisely known to correctly process QUBIC observations.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the study reduce the computational cost of physical optics simulations?\",\"answer\":\"It trains machine learning models to interpolate the beam across frequencies and detector locations, limiting the number of expensive physical optics simulations required.\"},{\"question\":\"Which neural network model performed best for replicating the synthesized beam?\",\"answer\":\"The LSTM model was successful in reproducing the synthesized beam to a satisfactory degree, outperforming the MLP for the study’s purposes.\"}]","The use of physical optics and machine learning in modelling the QUBIC beam pattern - Research findings | PDF",1785905172,43,{"code":4,"msg":32,"data":33},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":34,"title":13,"keywords":35,"description":14,"schema_data":36,"social_meta":88,"head_meta":90,"extra_data":92,"updated_unix":29},"the-use-of-physical-optics-and-machine-learning-in-modelling-the-qubic-beam-pattern-research-findings","",{"@graph":37,"@context":87},[38,55,70],{"@type":39,"itemListElement":40},"BreadcrumbList",[41,45,49,52],{"item":42,"name":43,"@type":44,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":46,"name":47,"@type":44,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":50,"name":12,"@type":44,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":53,"name":13,"@type":44,"position":54},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-use-of-physical-optics-and-machine-learning-in-modelling-the-qubic-beam-pattern-research-findings/126459/",4,{"url":53,"name":13,"@type":56,"author":57,"headline":13,"publisher":59,"fileFormat":62,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":63,"datePublished":64,"encodingFormat":62,"isAccessibleForFree":65,"interactionStatistic":66},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":58},"Person",{"url":42,"name":60,"@type":61},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-08-25","2026-08-05",true,{"@type":67,"interactionType":68,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":69},"ViewAction",{"@type":71,"mainEntity":72},"FAQPage",[73,79,83],{"name":74,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":76},"Why is the QUBIC synthesized beam important for data processing?","Question",{"text":77,"@type":78},"The interferometric design produces a complex multi-peaked synthesized antenna beam that must be precisely known to correctly process QUBIC observations.","Answer",{"name":80,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":81},"How does the study reduce the computational cost of physical optics simulations?",{"text":82,"@type":78},"It trains machine learning models to interpolate the beam across frequencies and detector locations, limiting the number of expensive physical optics simulations required.",{"name":84,"@type":75,"acceptedAnswer":85},"Which neural network model performed best for replicating the synthesized beam?",{"text":86,"@type":78},"The LSTM model was successful in reproducing the synthesized beam to a satisfactory degree, outperforming the MLP for the study’s purposes.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":53,"og:type":89,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":60,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":91,"canonical":53},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":94},[95,99,103,107,112,117,122,125,129,132,136],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":96,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":48,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":54,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":113,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":114,"show_sort_weight":115,"slug":116},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":119,"show_sort_weight":120,"slug":121},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":123,"slug":124},30,"research-report",{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":126,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":128},"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":127,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":130,"show_sort_weight":127,"slug":131},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":133,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":134,"show_sort_weight":133,"slug":135},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":137,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":47,"category_name":138,"show_sort_weight":108,"slug":139},19,"General","general"]