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Photodynamic therapy (PDT) treats tumors by irradiating tissues at an optimal light wavelength, triggering singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen species from photosensitizers to drive apoptosis and necrosis. A key limitation is reduced photosensitizer concentration in cells distant from vessel lumens. The review summarizes current literature and highlights advances such as drug carriers and third-generation photosensitizers with biocompatible functional groups to improve transport, suggesting PDT as a therapeutic platform for head, neck, and brain diseases.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-use-of-photodynamic-therapy-for-head-neck-and-brain-diseases-review/378059/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-use-of-photodynamic-therapy-for-head-neck-and-brain-diseases-review/378059.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Alex Sinclair","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",16,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"What role does PDT play in treating head, neck, and brain diseases?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"PDT irradiates tumor tissue with an optimal light wavelength to generate singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen radicals, which trigger apoptosis and necrosis. The review concludes that PDT has potential as a therapeutic platform for these disease groups.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How does the mechanism of PDT depend on photosensitizers?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"When tumor tissue is irradiated, tissue-based photosensitizers mainly generate singlet oxygen, while vascular photosensitizers can produce reactive oxygen radicals. These reactive species damage cells and lead to cell death.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"Why can PDT effectiveness decrease, and what strategies may address this?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Photosensitizer transport depends on cancer tumor structures, and photosensitizer concentration can drop in cells far from the vessel lumen, limiting access to tumor interiors. 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The Use of Photodynamic Therapy for Head, Neck, and Brain Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 11867. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms241411867](10.3390/ijms241411867)  \nAcademic Editor: Michael  \nR. Hamblin  \nReceived: 13 June 2023  \nRevised: 16 July 2023  \nAccepted: 22 July 2023  \nPublished: 24 July 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Otolaryngology, Medical College of The University of Rzeszâw, 35-959 Rzeszâw, Poland; [w.domka@gazeta.pl](w.domka@gazeta.pl)  \n2 Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszâw, 35-959 Rzeszâw, Poland; [dbartusikaebisher@ur.edu.pl](dbartusikaebisher@ur.edu.pl)  \n3 Students English Division Science Club, Medical College of The University of Rzeszâw, 35-959 Rzeszâw, Poland; [wiktoriamytych@gmail.com](wiktoriamytych@gmail.com)  \n4 Center for Innovative Research in Medical and Natural Sciences, Medical College of The University of Rzeszâw, 35-310 Rzeszâw, Poland; [kdynarowicz@ur.edu.pl](kdynarowicz@ur.edu.pl)  \n5 Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszâw, 35-959 Rzeszâw, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [daebisher@ur.edu.pl](daebisher@ur.edu.pl)  \nAbstract: Head–neck cancers as a group have the 7th highest rate of incidence worldwide. The most often diagnosed disease of the head and neck is squamous cell carcinoma (90% of cases) . Another specific group of tumors is brain tumors. These can be divided into primary tumors and secondary tumors associated with metastasis. Research shows that treating head and neck cancers continues to be problematic and challenging, and researchers are actively seeking new treatments that would improve survival rates and reduce side effects. Irradiation of tumor tissue with the optimal wavelength of light in photodynamic therapy (PDT) generates predominantly singlet oxygen in tissue-based photosensitizers (PSs) or reactive oxygen radicals in the case of vascular PSs leading to cellular apoptosis and necrosis. A very important feature of PDT is that cells cannot become immune to the effects of singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen radicals. However, photosensitizer (PS) transport isinfluenced by the specific structures of cancer tumors and the concentration of PS decreases in cells far from the vessel lumen. Therefore, PSs may not reach tumor interiors, which decreases therapy effectiveness. The use of drug carriers and 3rd generation PSs that contain biocompatible functional groups makes it possible to control transport. This review of the current literature on PDT was conducted through databases such as PubMed and Scopus. The types of publications considered included clinical studies and most of the articles included were published in English. Based on the publications collected, we conclude that researchers have demonstrated the potential of PDT as a therapeutic platform for head, neck, and brain diseases.  \nKeywords: photodynamic therapy; head diseases; neck diseases; brain tumor; treatment  \n1. Introduction  \nDue to lifestyle changes that increase exposure to risk factors, the number of diseases in the general population, including cancer, is steadily increasing [1] . One group of cancers is head and neck cancers (HNCs) . In Poland, HNCs are diagnosed in about 11,000 people per year, and over the past 10 years, the number of pa","cbCaipJKifZmJfQv","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipJKifZmJfQv","pdf",1433110,"English","# Introduction\n# Mechanism of Photodynamic Therapy\n## Role of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species\n## Photosensitizer transport limitations\n# Advances in Photosensitizer Delivery\n## Drug carriers and third-generation photosensitizers\n# Literature Review Methods\n## Databases and publication types\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"What role does PDT play in treating head, neck, and brain diseases?\",\"answer\":\"PDT irradiates tumor tissue with an optimal light wavelength to generate singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen radicals, which trigger apoptosis and necrosis. The review concludes that PDT has potential as a therapeutic platform for these disease groups.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the mechanism of PDT depend on photosensitizers?\",\"answer\":\"When tumor tissue is irradiated, tissue-based photosensitizers mainly generate singlet oxygen, while vascular photosensitizers can produce reactive oxygen radicals. These reactive species damage cells and lead to cell death.\"},{\"question\":\"Why can PDT effectiveness decrease, and what strategies may address this?\",\"answer\":\"Photosensitizer transport depends on cancer tumor structures, and photosensitizer concentration can drop in cells far from the vessel lumen, limiting access to tumor interiors. Using drug carriers and third-generation photosensitizers with biocompatible functional groups may help control transport and improve delivery.\"}]","The Use of Photodynamic Therapy for Head, Neck, and Brain Diseases - Review | PDF",1790228224]