[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-seo-378926-105":3,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":73,"doc-detail-378926-en":123},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"ok",{"site_id":7,"language":8,"slug":9,"title":10,"keywords":11,"description":12,"schema_data":13,"social_meta":66,"head_meta":68,"extra_data":70,"updated_unix":72},105,"en","the-use-of-ctdna-in-the-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-literature-review","The Use of ctDNA in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Literature Review","","Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains the most common primary liver cancer and a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, with a poor prognosis despite medical advances. Conventional imaging and liver biopsy have substantial limitations, particularly for very small nodules and atypical imaging presentations. Liquid biopsy with ctDNA offers a minimally invasive source of biomarkers, supporting early detection and longitudinal monitoring. Molecular profiling of tumor DNA breakdown products may also guide individualized therapies by identifying actionable mutations and anticipating relapse. This literature review consolidates evidence on ctDNA in liquid biopsy for HCC diagnosis and surveillance.",{"@graph":14,"@context":65},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/","Healthcare",3,{"item":32,"name":10,"@type":21,"position":33},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-use-of-ctdna-in-the-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-literature-review/378926/",4,{"url":32,"name":10,"@type":35,"image":36,"author":41,"headline":10,"publisher":44,"fileFormat":47,"inLanguage":8,"description":12,"dateModified":48,"datePublished":49,"encodingFormat":47,"isAccessibleForFree":50,"interactionStatistic":51},"DigitalDocument",{"url":37,"@type":38,"width":39,"height":40},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-use-of-ctdna-in-the-diagnosis-and-monitoring-of-hepatocellular-carcinoma-literature-review/378926.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":42,"@type":43},"Genevieve","Person",{"url":19,"name":45,"@type":46},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":52,"interactionType":53,"userInteractionCount":55},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":54},"ViewAction",12,{"@type":57,"mainEntity":58},"FAQPage",[59],{"name":60,"@type":61,"acceptedAnswer":62},"What current biomarkers and surveillance approaches are discussed as comparators to ctDNA?","Question",{"text":63,"@type":64},"The review highlights imaging, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, and tissue biopsy for detecting and monitoring relapse. It notes that AFP sensitivity and specificity are mediocre, and that many patients are diagnosed at intermediate or advanced stages.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":32,"og:type":67,"og:title":10,"og:site_name":45,"og:description":12},"article",{"robots":69,"canonical":32},"index,follow",{"doc_id":71,"site_id":7},378926,1790526142,{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":75},"success",[76,80,84,88,93,98,102,107,112,115,119],{"id":22,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":77,"show_sort_weight":78,"slug":79},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":26,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":81,"show_sort_weight":82,"slug":83},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":33,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":85,"show_sort_weight":86,"slug":87},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":89,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":94,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":95,"show_sort_weight":96,"slug":97},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":99,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":29,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},7,40,"healthcare",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":110,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":113,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":114},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":118},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":120,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":25,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":89,"slug":122},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":74,"data":124},{"doc_id":71,"user_id":125,"nickname":42,"user_avatar":126,"doc_module":4,"category_id":99,"category_name":29,"doc_title":10,"doc_description":12,"doc_content":127,"file_id":128,"file_url":129,"file_type":130,"file_size":131,"view_count":55,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":22,"is_downloadable":22,"audit_status":22,"page_count":132,"language":133,"language_code":8,"site_id":7,"html_lang":8,"table_of_contents":134,"faqs":135,"seo_title":136,"seo_description":12,"update_tm":137,"read_time":100},1374391974585,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","Review  \nThe Use of ctDNA in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma—Literature Review  \nAgnieszka Kopystecka 1, Rafał Patryn 2, *, Magdalena Le´sniewska 1, Julia Budzy ´nska 1 and Ilona Kozioł 1  \nCitation: Kopystecka, A.; Patryn, R.; Le´sniewska, M.; Budzy ´nska, J.; Kozioł, I. The Use of ctDNA in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma—Literature Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 9342. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/ijms24119342](10.3390/ijms24119342)  \nAcademic Editor: Simona Gurzu  \nReceived: 18 April 2023  \nRevised: 18 May 2023  \nAccepted: 25 May 2023  \nPublished: 26 May 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Students' Scientific Circle on Medical Law, Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; [aga.kop@interia.eu](aga.kop@interia.eu) (A.K.); [lesniewska.w.magdalena@gmail.com](lesniewska.w.magdalena@gmail.com) (M.L.)  \n2 Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland  \n* Correspondence: [rafal.patryn@umlub.pl](rafal.patryn@umlub.pl)  \nAbstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Despite advances in medicine, it is still a cancer with a very poor prognosis. Both imaging and liver biopsy still have important limitations, especially in very small nodules and those which show atypical imaging features. In recent years, liquid biopsy and molecular analysis of tumor breakdown products have become an attractive source of new biomarkers. Patients with liver and biliary malignancies, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), may greatly benefit from ctDNA testing. These patients are often diagnosed at an advanced stage of the disease, and relapses are common. Molecular analysis may indicate the best cancer treatment tailored to particular patients with specific tumor DNA mutations. Liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive technique that facilitates the early detection of cancer. This review summarizes the knowledge of ctDNA in liquid biopsy as an indicator for early diagnosis and monitoring of hepatocellular cancer.  \nKeywords: ctDNA; hepatocellular carcinoma; liquid biopsy  \n1. Introduction  \nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer worldwide and, due to its constantly increasing incidence, has become the third leading cause of cancer-related death among general populations. Moreover, it represents the most common cause of death in patients with cirrhosis [1,2] . HCC is more common in men than in women [3,4] . There has been an increase in HCC incidence in recent years, a trend particularly seen in Sub-Saharan Africa, Eastern Asia, and the Southeast, primarily as a result of high HBV prevalence rates [5,6] .  \nThe definitive therapies for HCC remain surgical resection and liver transplantation that can be performed only in patients at very early (0) and early (A) stages. However, given the similar survival benefit paired with the less invasiveness and lower costs compared to surgical resection, percutaneous ablative therapies such as radiofrequency ablation (RFA) and microwave ablation (MWA) are now considered the first treatment approach in both very early and early stages [7] .  \nPatients with hepatitis B or C (HBV or HCV), alcohol abuse or metabolic syndrome are predisposed to developing HCC [3,8–11] . Imaging, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, and tissue biopsy are the main methods used to detect and monitor relapses of HCC [9,12] . Despite the improvement in screening and surveillance programs, most","cbCaifJwOjzRj4ON","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaifJwOjzRj4ON","pdf",1840346,16,"English","# Introduction\n# Personalized treatment and diagnostic limitations\n## Imaging and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)\n## Liver biopsy limitations\n# Role of ctDNA in liquid biopsy","[{\"question\":\"What current biomarkers and surveillance approaches are discussed as comparators to ctDNA?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights imaging, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, and tissue biopsy for detecting and monitoring relapse. It notes that AFP sensitivity and specificity are mediocre, and that many patients are diagnosed at intermediate or advanced stages.\"}]","The Use of ctDNA in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of Hepatocellular Carcinoma - Literature Review | PDF",1790233298]