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The analysis covers trends by region and urbanicity, the role of intense segregation, double segregation, and policy-relevant shifts in the U.S. South, ending with conclusion and recommendations.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/","Research & 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and Ryan Pfleger  \nAPRIL 2024  \nCover photo credit: Jose Carlos Cerdeno  \nSuggested Citation:  \nOrfield, G., Pfleger, R. (2024) . The Unfinished Battle for Integration in a Multiracial America from Brown to Now. Los Angeles, CA: The Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles, UCLA.  \n© 2024 Civil Rights Project/Proyecto Derechos Civiles, UCLA  \nTable of Contents  \nTable of Contents.........................................................................................................................................3  \nTable of Figures............................................................................................................................................3  \nTable of Tables .............................................................................................................................................4  \nExecutive Summary: The Data ..................................................................................................................5  \nThe Centrality of the Desegregation Struggle ............................................................................................7  \nRacial Composition of Students in U.S. Public Schools .........................................................................31  \nIntense Racial Segregation .........................................................................................................................34  \nIsolation by Both Race and Social Class: Double Segregation ...............................................................42  \nSegregation, Desegregation, and Resegregation in the US South...........................................................53  \nSegregation Trends: Variation by Region and Urbanicity.......................................................................61  \nChoice and Segregation: Magnets and Charters.......................................................................................69  \nConclusion and Recommendations ..........................................................................................................75  \nReferences ...................................................................................................................................................83  \nAppendix.....................................................................................................................................................87  \nTable of Figures  \nFigure 1: The South, Cycle of rising integration & resegregation with key policy changes, 1950–2020 ..................................................................................................................................8  \nFigure 2: Percent of US Public Schools that were Intensely Segregated, 1988–2021...........................34  \nFigure 3: Percent of Intensely Segregated Schools, 1988–2021, by Region ..........................................35  \nFigure 4: Percent of Latino Students in 90-100% Non-White Schools, by Region, 1968–2021 .........36  \nFigure 5: Declining Share of Whites in Intensely Segregated White Schools, 1968–2021...................40  \nFigure 6: Racial Composition of Schools Attended by the Typical Student, by Race, 2021................41  \nFigure 7: Student Exposure Rates to Poorer Students, 1998–2021 .......................................................44  \nFigure 8: White + Asian vs. Black + Hispanic Exposure to Poorer Students, 2000–2021 .................45  \nFigure 9: School Poverty in Intensely Segregated Schools, 1998–2021.................................................47  \nFigure 10: Racial Composition of Schools Attended by the Typical American Indian Student in Non-Bureau of Indian Education Schools, 2021 ..................................................................49  \nFigure 11: Exposure to Poverty for American Indian and White Students, 1998–2021......................50  \nFigure 12: Timeline of Major","cbCainpLB1ZdV7OZ","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCainpLB1ZdV7OZ","pdf",4656083,99,"English","# Executive Summary: The Data\n## The Centrality of the Desegregation Struggle\n## Racial Composition of Students in U.S. Public Schools\n## Intense Racial Segregation\n## Isolation by Both Race and Social Class: Double Segregation\n## Segregation, Desegregation, and Resegregation in the US South\n## Segregation Trends: Variation by Region and Urbanicity\n## Choice and Segregation: Magnets and Charters\n## Conclusion and Recommendations\n## References\n## Appendix","[{\"question\":\"What time span and reference point does the report use for integration in the U.S.?\",\"answer\":\"It traces the integration challenge from Brown to contemporary conditions, including policy shifts through later decades reflected in the figures (e.g., 1950–2020 and 1988–2021).\"},{\"question\":\"How does the report describe segregation patterns in public schools?\",\"answer\":\"It analyzes intense racial segregation and highlights double segregation, where isolation occurs through both race and social class, affecting student exposure and school composition.\"},{\"question\":\"What role do school choice options play in the report’s findings?\",\"answer\":\"The report examines magnets and charters, comparing segregation outcomes associated with these choices, including exposure patterns and trends in intensely segregated schools.\"}]","The Unfinished Battle for Integration in a Multiracial America - from Brown to Now - Executive Summary and Data | PDF",1792045175,249]