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The article argues the dilemma is reaching a critical moment in Canada and the UK, where postsecondary systems become more complex within knowledge-society conditions. It uses income contingent repayment (ICR) proposals to critique traditional alternatives and assess whether “smart funding” better supports accessibility, mission diversity, and social usefulness.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-tuition-dilemma-and-the-politics-of-mass-higher-education/597244/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-tuition-dilemma-and-the-politics-of-mass-higher-education/597244.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Blue Pony","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-10-15",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":34},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What central tuition issue does the article examine?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It examines the tuition dilemma created by proposed tuition fee increases and the political consequences for higher-education systems in Canada and the UK.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the article mean by “smart funding”?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"“Smart funding” refers to financing approaches increasingly drawn from the future income of system “beneficiaries” rather than current users or their parents, aiming to target support while preserving public objectives.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"How does income contingent repayment (ICR) relate to the argument?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The article uses the policy model of income contingent repayment as a reference point to discuss higher-education reform and to highlight limitations of state subsidies and deregulated flexible fees.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},597244,1792230377,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":34,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145,"preview_page_count":4},962090760266,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c","The Canadian Journal of Higher Education La revue canadienne d ʼenseignement supérieur Volume XXXIV, No. 1, 2004 pages 47–81  \nThe Tuition Dilemma and the Politics of“Mass”Higher Education  \nRICHARD WELLEN  \nYork University  \nABSTRACT  \nThe prospect of tuition fee increases for public sector universities has attracted an enormous amount of attention in recent years as governments in all industrialized countries have responded to the converging pressures of increased demands for higher education and rising costs of competing areas of social spending. I show that this dilemma is fast approaching a critical point in both Canada and the UK. As contemporary society become“knowledge societies,” postsecondary systems become “complex,”requiring a sensitive political blending of different institutional goals, such as accessibility, diversity of mission, critical thought, relevance, and social usefulness. This article draws upon the policy model of income contingent repayment (ICR) as a touchstone for debates and larger proposals about addressing the future of higher education reform. My hope is to show the partial shortcomings of the traditional alternatives: reliance on state-provided subsidy on the one hand and deregulated and flexible fees on the other. I then argue  \n48 Richard Wellen  \nthat changes in the social and political meaning of participation in higher education might warrant taking a second look at the “smart funding” approach represented by ICR proposals.  \nRÉSUMÉ  \nLa possibilité d ʼaugmentation des frais de scolarité dans les universitésdusecteurpublic aattirébeaucoupd ʼattentioncesdernières années. Pendant ce temps, les gouvernements des pays industrialisésrépondaient aux pressions convergentes suscitées par les demandes accrues d ʼun enseignement plus élevé et par les coûts croissants de domaines économiquement concurrents. Cette étude montre que cedilemme devientrapidement critique au Canada et au Royaume-Uni. Alors que la société contemporaine développe ses connaissances, les systèmes post-secondaires deviennent plus complexes, exigeant que l ʼon sache ménager les sensibilités et prendre en considération de nombreux objectifs institutionnels tels que l ʼaccessibilité et la diversité dela mission. Cet article utilise le modèleduremboursementdes revenus contingents (ICR) comme base d ʼargumentation pour traiter de la réforme de l ʼenseignement supérieur. Tout d ʼabord, j ʼessaie de montrer les imperfections partielles des alternatives traditionnelles : les subventions gouvernementales d ʼune part et del ʼautre, la dérégulation et la flexibilité des frais. Ensuite, je discutede l ʼidée selon laquelle les changements politiques et sociaux sur le plan de l ʼéducation supérieure pourraient justifier un second coup d ʼœil sur les propositions du ICR (approche smart funding) .  \nINTRODUCTION  \nIn recent years, governments have begun to redesign tuitionbased financing systems for universities. Some (most recently Britain ʼs Labour government) have introduced a method of what I call “smart” funding, whereby financing is increasingly drawn from  \nThe Canadian Journal of Higher Education Volume XXXIV, No. 1, 2004  \nThe Tuition Dilemma 49  \n(or against) the future income of “beneficiaries” of the system, and less from current “users” of the system, or their parents. The putative goal is to ensure that assistance can be delivered in a targeted way, while preserving public insurance objectives such as accessibility and incentives to invest in “human capital.” Most importantly, the adoption of the new student finance schemes are a response to concerns about how to cover the increased carrying costs of higher education due to increasing participation rates and greater competition from other areas of public spending. Because incomecontingent repayment (ICR) systems allow targeted benefits, while covering everyone, they have become an attractive policy model for postsecondary financing. A smart funding scheme can retain the most important and","cbCaipMmqYFfvoZi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipMmqYFfvoZi","pdf",197311,36,"English","# Introduction\n## Costs, Quality, and Expansion in a \"Mass\" Higher Education System","[{\"question\":\"What central tuition issue does the article examine?\",\"answer\":\"It examines the tuition dilemma created by proposed tuition fee increases and the political consequences for higher-education systems in Canada and the UK.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article mean by “smart funding”?\",\"answer\":\"“Smart funding” refers to financing approaches increasingly drawn from the future income of system “beneficiaries” rather than current users or their parents, aiming to target support while preserving public objectives.\"},{\"question\":\"How does income contingent repayment (ICR) relate to the argument?\",\"answer\":\"The article uses the policy model of income contingent repayment as a reference point to discuss higher-education reform and to highlight limitations of state subsidies and deregulated flexible fees.\"}]","The Tuition Dilemma and the Politics of “Mass” Higher Education | PDF",1792084661,91]