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Naringenin nanoparticles (NARNPs) were prepared via the emulsion diffusion technique and evaluated for anticancer activity in HepG2 cells. Particle characteristics were assessed by electron microscopy, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction, while MTT, flow cytometry, apoptosis markers (p53), autophagy genes (ATG5, LC3), and drug-combination effects were analyzed. NARNPs inhibited proliferation and promoted apoptosis with selective effects.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-therapeutic-role-of-naringenin-nanoparticles-on-hepatocellular-carcinoma/370146/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-therapeutic-role-of-naringenin-nanoparticles-on-hepatocellular-carcinoma/370146.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Jiven","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-04","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",24,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"Why were naringenin nanoparticles developed for hepatocellular carcinoma?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Naringenin’s anticancer use is limited by low bioavailability and suboptimal pharmacokinetics at tumor sites, so nanoparticles were designed to improve therapeutic delivery.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"How were the naringenin nanoparticles characterized?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Particle size was measured using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, while conjugation was confirmed by FTIR and crystallinity/amorphous state was assessed by X-ray diffraction.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What biological effects did NARNPs show in HepG2 cells?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"NARNPs induced apoptosis (including late apoptosis), caused cell cycle arrest, and increased expression of apoptosis and autophagy-related markers such as p53, ATG5, and LC3.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},370146,1790378885,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":146},1099513958607,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/100002390cf8733938c?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778829742770036399","Elwan etal. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology (2025) 26:3  \n[https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00823-w](https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00823-w)  \nBMC Pharmacology and Toxicology  \nRESEARCH Open Access  \nThe therapeutic role of naringenin  \nnanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinoma  \nAya G. Elwan 1*, Tarek M. Mohamed 1, Doha M. Beltagy2 and Doaa M. El Gamal 1  \nAbstract  \nBackground Naringenin, a flavonoid compound found in citrus fruits, possesses valuable anticancer properties. However, its potential application in cancer treatment is limited by poor bioavailability and pharmacokineticsat tumor sites. To address this, Naringenin nanoparticles (NARNPs) were prepared using the emulsion diffusion technique and their anticancer effects were investigated in HepG2 cells.  \nMethods The particle size of NARNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis. NARNP is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. Study the cytotoxic effects of various doses of naringenin, NARNPs and DOX on HepG2 and WI38 cell lines after 24 h and 48 h using the MTT assay. Flow cytometric analysis was used to study the apoptotic cells. The study also examined the expression of apoptotic proteins (p53) and autophagy-related genes ATG5, LC3 after treatment with naringenin, NARNPs, doxorubicin, and their combinations in HepG2 cells.  \nResults The particle size of NARNPs was determined by transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis, showing mean diameters of 54.96 ± 18.6 nm and 31.79 ± 6.8 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful conjugation between naringenin and NARNPs. NARNPs were in an amorphous state that was determined by X-ray diffraction. The IC50 values were determined as 22.32 µg/ml for naringenin, 1.6 µg/ml for NARNPs and 0.46 µg/ml for doxorubicin. Flow cytometric analysis showed that NARNPs induced late apoptosis in 56. 1% of HepG2 cells and had no cytotoxic effect on WI38 cells with 97% viable cells after 48 h of incubation. NARNPs induced cell cycle arrest in the Go/G1 and G2/M phases in HepG2 cells. The results showed increased expression of ATG5, LC3, and p53 in HepG2 cells treated with IC50 concentrations after 48 h of incubation. NARNPs enhanced the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin in HepG2 cells but decreased the cytotoxic effect of doxorubicin in WI38 cells.  \nConclusions The study demonstrated that NARNPs effectively inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis inhuman hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Importantly, NARNPs showed no cytotoxic effects on normal cells, indicating their potential as a promising therapy for hepatocarcinogenesis. Combining NARNPs with chemotherapy drugs could present a novel approach for treating human cancers.  \nKeywords Cancer, Hepatocellular carcinoma, Naringenin, Naringenin nanoparticles  \n*Correspondence:  \nAya G. Elwan  \n[ayaghaly@science.tanta.edu.eg](ayaghaly@science.tanta.edu.eg)  \n1Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt  \n2Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt  \n© The Author(s) 2024. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence,","cbCaikU8xcSnw4RH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaikU8xcSnw4RH","pdf",5990210,13,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Methods\n# Results\n# Conclusions","[{\"question\":\"Why were naringenin nanoparticles developed for hepatocellular carcinoma?\",\"answer\":\"Naringenin’s anticancer use is limited by low bioavailability and suboptimal pharmacokinetics at tumor sites, so nanoparticles were designed to improve therapeutic delivery.\"},{\"question\":\"How were the naringenin nanoparticles characterized?\",\"answer\":\"Particle size was measured using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, while conjugation was confirmed by FTIR and crystallinity/amorphous state was assessed by X-ray diffraction.\"},{\"question\":\"What biological effects did NARNPs show in HepG2 cells?\",\"answer\":\"NARNPs induced apoptosis (including late apoptosis), caused cell cycle arrest, and increased expression of apoptosis and autophagy-related markers such as p53, ATG5, and LC3.\"}]","The therapeutic role of naringenin nanoparticles on hepatocellular carcinoma | PDF",1790187065,33]