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The study reports relationships between type-related aspects and religiosity, prayer, and spirituality across individuals, groups, and religious centers. It concludes with the value of key empirical results and calls for further verification and generalization in light of modern reinterpretations of Jung and contemporary personality assessment approaches.",{"@graph":14,"@context":73},[15,34,56],{"@type":16,"itemListElement":17},"BreadcrumbList",[18,23,27,31],{"item":19,"name":20,"@type":21,"position":22},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",1,{"item":24,"name":25,"@type":21,"position":26},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":28,"name":29,"@type":21,"position":30},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/religion-spirituality/","Religion & 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[http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.1-2en](http://dx.doi.org/10.18290/rpsych.2017.20.1-2en)  \nWŁADYSŁAW CHAIM  \nAssociation of Christian Psychologists  \nTHE THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY  \nThe main objective of this paper is to present the current state of empirical research on the application of the theory of Jungian types to the psychology of religion and spirituality, pointing out the necessity of broadening them by including Polish context. The paper presents an outline of this theory and the methods of studying these types (MBTI, KTS, FPTS) used in religion and spirituality. Next, the author presents the results of research on the relation between aspects of the theory of psychological types and the religiosity variables, prayer, and spirituality of individuals as well as groups and centers connected with religion and spirituality. The paper concludes with comments concerning the most important empirical findings and their value for science and practice. A need for research aimed at the verification and generalization of the obtained results with reference to the modern reinterpretations of Jung’s theory and methods of studying personality is also pointed out.  \nKeywords: psychological types; religiosity; Christian spirituality.  \nThe theory of psychological types is probably the best-known part of Carl G. Jung’s (1921, 1971, 1997) complex analytical psychology, popularized by his successors. The theory has applications not only in the psychology of personality but also in education and upbringing, interpersonal training and counseling, professional career preparation and development, and, finally, in the psychology of religion, pastoral psychology, empirical theology, and the psychology of spirituality.  \nCorresponding author: WŁADYSŁAW CHAIM – Association of Christian Psychologists, ul. Ko􀀃ciuszki 1, 22-400 Zamo􀀃􀀈; e-mail: wchaim@redem[ptor.pl](ptor.pl)  \nOne of the terms used by Jung to present individual differences among people was that of type, which he used to describe attitudes and psychological functions (Dudek, 2006) . According to Jung’s theory, a specific psychological type is as much part of a person’s constitution as being a man or a woman, having eyes of a certain color, or being born as a fair-haired or a dark-haired person (Francis, 2007) . Despite the fact that Jung was not interested in the application of his typology to the psychology of religion, he has inspired many scholars to conduct interesting research (Ross, 2011, p. 171). Similarly, combining spirituality with psychological types has its origin in discovering the implications of this theory for the spiritual sphere of the human being (Krebs Hirsh, & Kise, 1997) .  \nReligiosity expresses a person’s attitude towards God or towards another transcendental reality that the individual considers to be the ultimate, the deepest, and the highest, transcending everything that is natural, earthly, and perceived by means of the senses (Beile, 198 8). The object of the psychology of religion is the psychological aspect of religious relations, including the effect of religiosity on the functioning of personality. The notion of spirituality is less clear-cut than that of religiosity, and it is a more extensive one; it ranges from the spirituality specific to a certain movement or order within the framework of a specific religious denomination to the spirituality that accepts certain values of religion while rejecting its traditional and, in particular, institutional forms at the same time. Religiosity and spirituality have certain areas in common, but they are also distinguished by divergent ones (Hill et al. , 2000; Zinnbauer et al., 1997) . The psychology of religion and spirituality enters into dialog with pastoral psychology, empirical theology, and the theology of spirituality (McLean, 2013; Piedmont & Village, 201 1) .  \nThe impo","cbCaim9XwZlWBynp","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaim9XwZlWBynp","pdf",229758,16,"English","# Introduction\n## Aim and scope of the paper\n# Psychological types and their study methods\n## Jungian typology overview\n## Instruments used (MBTI, KTS, FPTS)\n# Religiosity, prayer, and spirituality\n## Relations between type aspects and spirituality variables\n# Review of research and implications\n## Polish context and research needs","[{\"question\":\"What is the main goal of the paper?\",\"answer\":\"To present the current state of empirical research on using Jungian types in the psychology of religion and spirituality, and to highlight the necessity of expanding the research by including a Polish context.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the paper study psychological types in religion and spirituality?\",\"answer\":\"It outlines the theory and the methods used to investigate types, including MBTI, KTS, and FPTS, and then links type-related aspects to religiosity and spirituality measures.\"},{\"question\":\"What relationships are examined between psychological types and religious life?\",\"answer\":\"The paper examines how aspects of psychological types relate to religiosity, prayer, and spirituality among individuals and also among groups and centers connected with religion and spirituality.\"}]","THE THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES IN THE PSYCHOLOGY OF RELIGION AND SPIRITUALITY | PDF",1789659791]