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It develops “gastric time” as a lens on digestion shaped by bodily rhythms—measured through time, space, and communication rather than only mechanical or chemical operations. The framework also highlights delays, disruptions, and pathological incoherence shared by biological systems and communication networks.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-telegraphic-body-dyspepsia-modern-life-and-gastric-time-in-nineteenth-century-medicine-and-culture/459266/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-telegraphic-body-dyspepsia-modern-life-and-gastric-time-in-nineteenth-century-medicine-and-culture/459266.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Emma Wilson","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-30",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":19},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"How does the article connect nineteenth-century medicine to modern ideas of the gut-brain axis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It traces historical claims about the stomach’s authority and links them to later understandings of communication between gut and brain, especially through the telegraphic metaphor.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"What does the article mean by “gastric time”?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"“Gastric time” frames digestion as a process governed by bodily rhythms, emphasizing idiosyncratic timing rather than purely mechanical or chemical activity.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Why does the telegraphic metaphor also involve pathology?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"Because connection in communication systems parallels biological vulnerability, the metaphor highlights delays, disruption, and incoherent functioning associated with disease.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},459266,1792162983,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":19,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":46,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":31,"preview_page_count":4},3848291630094,"https://eur-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_085a072bc5b1113ac321206ff7593b45","Journal of Medical Humanities (2024) 46:591–610 [https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-024-09884-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s10912-024-09884-8)  \nORIGINAL SCHOLARLY ARTICLE  \nThe Telegraphic Body: Dyspepsia, Modern Life, and ‘Gastric Time’ in Nineteenth‑Century Medicine and Culture  \nEmilie Taylor‑Pirie1  \nAccepted: 13 August 2024 / Published online: 16 September 2024 © The Author(s) 2024  \nAbstract  \nFrom Italian physician Hieronymus Mercurialis’s contention that the stomach was ‘the king of the belly’, to its promotion by the end of the nineteenth century to the ‘monarch of humanity’ in patent medicine, to Byron Robinson’s discovery of the enteric nervous system in 1907 (a mesh of neural connectivity that led him to dub the gut ‘the second brain’), there has historically been a longstanding awareness of the expansive reach of the gut in the functions of the body. In the nineteenth century, the authority of the gut and its allyship with the brain became a focus for writers thinking about the intersections of illness and ‘modern life’. In medical texts, domestic health manuals, patent medicine, and fiction, the electric telegraph in particular became a way of envisaging what we would now call the ‘gut-brain axis’. The telegraphic metaphor enabled a view of digestion as not simply a mechanical or chemical process, but one that was understood in terms of time, space, and communication. However, such a framework also suggested problems of connection that were common to both systems, emphasising not only the healthy body’s quasi-telegraphic networks but also its vulnerability to delay, disruption, and pathological incoherence. This article will explore the use of telegraphic technologies as proxies for theorising gastric connection and more broadly the concept of ‘gastric time’ as a key conceit for understanding digestion as a process that was and is subject to the idiosyncrasies of bodily rhythms.  \nKeywords Gut health · Telegraphy · Digestion · Modern life · Gut-brain axis · Dyspepsia · Bodily rhythms  \nIntroduction  \nIn his best-selling book Life Time (2022), Russell Foster, professor of neuroscience and circadian rhythms at Oxford, reveals that the management of our circadian rhythms—the socalled ‘body clock’—operates at a molecular level via ‘clock genes’. A negative feedback loop which drives a cycle of clock-protein production and breakdown produces the 24-hour rhythms that structure our daily experience, coordinated by a ‘master clock’ located deep within the brain (in the suprachiasmatic nuclei or SCN) . From sleep to digestion to  \n* Emilie Taylor-Pirie  \n[e.taylor-pirie@bham.ac.uk](e.taylor-pirie@bham.ac.uk); [etaylorpirie@gmail.com](etaylorpirie@gmail.com)  \n1 University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK  \nimmunity, these daily rhythms influence our worldly experiences in profound ways and, for Foster, are being compromised by ‘the modern 24/7 society’ with our seemingly tireless cultures of work (5) .  \nThe science here is new but the metaphor is not. The rhythmicity of the body, and, in particular, the idea of the body as a watch or clock, is historically prevalent in medical and social commentary. These mechanistic schematics precipitate conversations about how our bodies exist, often uneasily, within a technologically modern society, quietly underlining the disparity between biology and machine. Such analogies were given renewed significance in the nineteenth century with the institution of ‘standard time’ and the development of communications technologies like the telegraph, which collapsed time and space with new, almost instantaneous correspondence.  \nThe image of the electric telegraph with its wires offering connection over distance joined the clock as a somatic metaphor that illustrated organic communication pathways, specifically the connection between the stomach and the brain. Enmeshed within a broader, developing understanding of nervous physiology, and continuous with new experimental opportuniti","cbCaiq1QA1TTKOCH","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiq1QA1TTKOCH","pdf",705821,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n## Circadian rhythms and the “body clock”\n## Telegraphy and the gut-brain axis\n## Dyspepsia as “modern life” disruption\n## Prior scholarship on telegraphy and neurology","[{\"question\":\"How does the article connect nineteenth-century medicine to modern ideas of the gut-brain axis?\",\"answer\":\"It traces historical claims about the stomach’s authority and links them to later understandings of communication between gut and brain, especially through the telegraphic metaphor.\"},{\"question\":\"What does the article mean by “gastric time”?\",\"answer\":\"“Gastric time” frames digestion as a process governed by bodily rhythms, emphasizing idiosyncratic timing rather than purely mechanical or chemical activity.\"},{\"question\":\"Why does the telegraphic metaphor also involve pathology?\",\"answer\":\"Because connection in communication systems parallels biological vulnerability, the metaphor highlights delays, disruption, and incoherent functioning associated with disease.\"}]","The Telegraphic Body - Dyspepsia, Modern Life, and 'Gastric Time' in Nineteenth-Century Medicine and Culture | PDF",1790755547]