[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-56233-en":3,"doc-seo-56233-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},56233,1374391974585,"Genevieve","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","The Synthesis, Mechanisms, and Additives for Bio-Compatible Polyvinyl Alcohol Hydrogels","Vinyl polymers support biological, textile, and industrial uses, with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels highlighted for high biocompatibility, permeability, hydrophilicity, and low friction. Weak mechanical performance and biocompatibility below natural polymers limit real-world use. Bio-additives are incorporated to improve mechanics, compatibility, and functionality while broadening biomedical and tissue-engineering applications. The review covers PVA hydrogel synthesis, mechanical enhancement strategies, bio-additive types, interaction mechanisms, representative cases, and future prospects, opportunities, and challenges for multifunctional PVA composite bio-hydrogels.","Received: 21 August 2022 Revised: 12 October 2022 Accepted: 25 October 2022  \nDOI: 10.1002/vnl.21962  \nREVI EW AR TICLE  \nThe synthesis, mechanisms, and additives  \nfor bio-compatible polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels:  \nA review on current advances, trends, and future outlook  \nMing Yang 1,2,3 | Zeyu Wang 1,4 | Manni Li 1 | Zhengliang Yin 1 |  \nHassaan Ahmad Butt 5   \n1School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China  \n2School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China  \n3Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-dyeing and Finishing, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, China 4Feijian Industry & Trade Co., Ltd., Zhejiang Province, China  \n5Privately affiliated, Islamabad, Pakistan  \nCorrespondence  \nZeyu Wang, School of Material Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.  \nEmail: [zywang@ujs.edu.cn](zywang@ujs.edu.cn)  \nFunding information Postdoctoral General Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number:  \n2022M711374; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Grant/Award Number: AWJ-23M01  \nAbstract  \nVinyl polymers are widely used in biological, textile and industrial applications and are currently attracting research attention for specialized bio-based applications. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogels show great advantages as a material with high biocompatibility, permeability, hydrophilicity, and low-friction coefficient, allowing applications as smart materials, wound dressings, and flexible sensors. However, the poor mechanical properties of PVA hydrogels and biocompatibility less than natural polymers make them unsuitable in practical applications. Additives are often added to PVA hydrogels to enhance mechanical properties, endow more compatibility, functionality and expand their application range. Among them, bio-additives such as nanocellulose, natural polysaccharides and proteins are biodegradable, biocompatible, and inexpensive, broadening their applications in the biomedical and tissue engineering fields. This work reviews the synthesis of PVA hydrogels, methods to enhance their mechanical properties, types of bio-additives incorporated for biocompatibility, their mechanism of interaction with PVA and future prospects of PVA composite bio-hydrogels for application in various fields. Representative cases are carefully selected and discussed with regard to their composition and pros and cons are discussed. Finally, future requirements, as well as the opportunities and challenges of these bio-additives for improving the multifunctionality of PVA hydrogels are also presented.  \nKEYWOR DS  \napplications, bio-additives, bio-composites, bio-functionality, mechanism of action, PVA hydrogel  \n1 | INTRODUCTION  \nVinyl polymers are polymers made from vinyl-containing monomers by homo-polymerization or co-polymerization reactions. [1] Currently, vinyl polymers have a wide range of applications which include, but are not limited to,  \nhydrogels, tanning agents, piezoelectric materials, fibers, rubbers, and biodegradable plastics, and so forth. [1,2] Hydrogels are three-dimensional network structures containing large amounts of water and are commonly found in biological systems. [3,4] Examples include organisms such as sea cucumbers and jellyfish, which contain large  \nJ Vinyl Addit Technol. 2023;29:939–959.  \n[wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/vnl](wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/vnl)  \n© 2022 Society of Plastics Engineers.  \n939  \n940  \nYANG ET AL.  \namounts of hydrogel material, while a wide range of mammalian tissues are also composed of hydrogels. [3–5] Currently, biocompatible hydrogel systems are being developed based on a variety of materials such as proteins, cellulose, chitosan, and so forth. [6–10] Based on their unique properties such as flexibility and biocompatibility, hydrogels have been widely studied and applied in many fields such as electrical devices, sensors and biomedicine. [3–10] Among them, vinyl p","cbCaiil6JHetQanP","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiil6JHetQanP","pdf",22235225,1,21,"English","en",105,"# Introduction\n## Vinyl polymers and hydrogel relevance\n## Why PVA hydrogels need additives\n## Crosslinking strategies for PVA hydrogels","[{\"question\":\"Why are PVA hydrogels considered promising for biomedical applications?\",\"answer\":\"PVA hydrogels offer high biocompatibility, permeability, hydrophilicity, and a low coefficient of friction, enabling uses such as wound dressings and flexible sensing devices.\"},{\"question\":\"What are the main limitations of PVA hydrogels highlighted in the review?\",\"answer\":\"Poor mechanical properties and biocompatibility that does not fully match natural polymers reduce suitability for practical applications.\"},{\"question\":\"How do additives improve PVA hydrogel performance?\",\"answer\":\"Additives, especially bio-additives like nanocellulose, natural polysaccharides, and proteins, enhance mechanical properties, provide added compatibility and functionality, and broaden application potential in biomedical and tissue engineering 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are PVA hydrogels considered promising for biomedical applications?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"PVA hydrogels offer high biocompatibility, permeability, hydrophilicity, and a low coefficient of friction, enabling uses such as wound dressings and flexible sensing devices.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What are the main limitations of PVA hydrogels highlighted in the review?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Poor mechanical properties and biocompatibility that does not fully match natural polymers reduce suitability for practical applications.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How do additives improve PVA hydrogel performance?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"Additives, especially bio-additives like nanocellulose, natural polysaccharides, and proteins, enhance mechanical properties, provide added compatibility and functionality, and broaden application potential in biomedical and tissue engineering 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