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It details advances in classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment options, and follow-up strategies. Emphasis is placed on surgical principles across localized, locally advanced, and metastatic disease, including lung-sparing approaches for small peripheral typical carcinoids and integrated surgical plus adjuvant or systemic therapy pathways for the major subtypes.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-surgical-management-of-lung-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-review/405442/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-surgical-management-of-lung-neuroendocrine-neoplasms-review/405442.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Patrick","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-31","2026-09-28",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":39},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What subtypes are included in lung neuroendocrine neoplasms?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified into four subtypes: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is localized lung neuroendocrine disease typically treated?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Localized L-NENs primarily undergo surgery with radical resection and systematic nodal dissection, using resections such as lobectomy, bilobectomy, or pneumonectomy depending on tumor location and size.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Are lung-sparing surgical options considered for all L-NET patients?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review discusses that lung-sparing resections, such as sublobar and sleeve resections, may replace traditional resections in selected typical carcinoid cases, but this approach is framed as a debated selection strategy rather than universal practice.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},405442,1790819142,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":39,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":56,"language":139,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":140,"faqs":141,"seo_title":142,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":143,"read_time":144,"preview_page_count":4},549758146520,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80002397d8c0411e94?_k=1775819394049821470","cancers   \nReview  \nThe Surgical Management of Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasms  \nPatrick Soldath 1,2 and Ren² Horsleben Petersen 1,2, *  \nCitation: Soldath, P.; Petersen, R.H. The Surgical Management of Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasms. Cancers 2023, 15, 1695. [https://doi.org/](https://doi.org/)[ ](https://doi.org/)[10.3390/cancers15061695](10.3390/cancers15061695)  \nAcademic Editors: Monika Serke and Stefan Welter  \nReceived: 18 February 2023  \nAccepted: 6 March 2023  \nPublished: 9 March 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark  \n2 Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark  \n* Correspondence: [rene.horsleben.petersen@regionh.dk](rene.horsleben.petersen@regionh.dk); Tel.: +45-35450525  \nSimple Summary: Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms comprise a diverse group of cancers that arise from pulmonary neuroendocrine cells. They account for about 20% of all primary lung cancers and classify into four subtypes: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma. These subtypes share some morphological and protein expression immunohistochemistry features but differ greatly in their biological behaviors. Typical and atypical carcinoids are well differentiated low-and intermediate-grade tumors, respectively, whereas large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma are poorly differentiated high-grade tumors. The common thread in all lung neuroendocrine neoplasms is that patients with localized disease primarily undergo surgery, while patients with locally advanced or metastatic disease receive tailored oncological therapies.  \nAbstract: This review summarizes key recent developments relevant to the surgical management of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms (L-NENs), including typical and atypical carcinoids, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma. This review includes recent insights into the classification, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, treatment options, and follow-up. Highlighted topics include general principles of surgery in localized or locally advanced or metastatic L-NENs, lung-sparing surgery for small, peripheral typical carcinoids, adjuvant and systemic therapies for typical and atypical carcinoids, and surgery and adjuvant therapies for large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma.  \nKeywords: lung neuroendocrine neoplasms; carcinoid; large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma; small cell lung cancer; surgery  \n1. Introduction  \nNeuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a diverse group of cancers that arise from specialized, peptide-and amine producing cells dispersed throughout the diffuse endocrine system. They most frequently occur in the gastrointestinal tract (48%), lung (25%), and pancreas (9%) but may also develop in many other organs, including the breast, prostate, thymus, and skin [1] . Lung NENs (L-NENs) account for about 20% of all primary lung cancers and encompass neuroendocrine tumors (L-NETs) composed of typical carcinoid (TC, 1.8%) and atypical carcinoid (AC, 0.2%) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (LNECs) composed of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC, 3%) and small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC, 15%) . L-NETs and L-NECs are thought to represent distinct and separate entities with neither molecular overlap nor a common developmental continuum [2] .  \nThe mainstay of treatment for localized L-NENs is radical resection and systematic nodal dissection. The recommended resections have traditionally been lobectomy, bilobectomy, or pneumonectomy, depending on t","cbCaijNQnBDqa7zi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaijNQnBDqa7zi","pdf",2649961,"English","# Simple Summary\n# Abstract\n# Keywords\n# 1. Introduction\n# 2. Classification","[{\"question\":\"What subtypes are included in lung neuroendocrine neoplasms?\",\"answer\":\"Lung neuroendocrine neoplasms are classified into four subtypes: typical carcinoid, atypical carcinoid, large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and small cell lung carcinoma.\"},{\"question\":\"How is localized lung neuroendocrine disease typically treated?\",\"answer\":\"Localized L-NENs primarily undergo surgery with radical resection and systematic nodal dissection, using resections such as lobectomy, bilobectomy, or pneumonectomy depending on tumor location and size.\"},{\"question\":\"Are lung-sparing surgical options considered for all L-NET patients?\",\"answer\":\"The review discusses that lung-sparing resections, such as sublobar and sleeve resections, may replace traditional resections in selected typical carcinoid cases, but this approach is framed as a debated selection strategy rather than universal practice.\"}]","The Surgical Management of Lung Neuroendocrine Neoplasms - Review | PDF",1790560119,48]