[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-45874-en":3,"doc-seo-45874-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":91},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},45874,1099514068035,"Ezra","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","The Sulu Zone 1768-1898 The Dynamics of External Trade Slavery and Ethnicity in a Southeast Asian Maritime State","The Sulu Zone 1768-1898 examines how external trade, slavery, and ethnicity reshaped a Southeast Asian maritime state on the margins of three European empires. It reframes maritime populations—traders, raiders, fishers, and collectors—beyond European-centered historiography by taking “the other side” of history. The study emphasizes the role of the slave, or “acquired person,” within the economic structure of the Sulu Sultanate and outlines an ethnohistorical approach grounded in published ethnographic fieldwork.","# The Sulu Zone1768-1898\n\nThe Dynamics of External Trade,Slavery,and Ethnicity inthe Transformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State  \nJAMES FRANCIS WARREN  \n# The Sulu Zone1768-1898\n\n## The Dynamics of External Trade,Slavery,and Ethnicity in theTransformation of a Southeast Asian Maritime State\n\nJAMES FRANCIS WARREN  \nSINGAPORE UNIVERSITY PRESS  \nWeights  \nTahil(tahel)Kati(16 tahel)Picul(100 kati)Bahar(3 picul)Koyan(40 picul)Quintal  \nMeasures  \nCurrencies  \nWeights,Measures,and Currencies  \nGantang (4 kati)   Cavan (25 gantang)Arroba  \n—1.33 ounces  \n—1.33 pounds  \n—5,333.33 pounds—100-110 pounds  \n100 Spanish dollars(pesos,duros)—224/₂Company RupeesL26.50  \n\n| Alungi Bisalla Alenyap na Bangsa—  \u003Cbr>Lost Language,Vanished People  \u003Cbr>—an old Samal Bajau Laut adage一   |\n| --- |\n\n—133.33 pounds(Manila =137.50 Ib)—400 pounds  \n—3.1kilogrammesof rice—44 kilogrammes of rice—25.36 pounds(5%arroba =picul)  \n252.27 Dutch Guilders$366.97  \nPreface  \nIt seems to me inaccurate to dispose of such Indonesian states as Palembang,Siak,Achin,or Johore with the qualifications corrupt-despotisms,pirate states,andslave states,hotbeds of political danger and decay.Inaccurate,if for no otherreason,because despotism,piracy and slavery are historical terms,and history isnor written with value judgements.To choose examples from the field of Dutchhistory,the town of Flushing based its existence in the seventeenth and eighteenthcenturies in no small measure on privateering and smuggling,and Middleburg'srenowned trading company of 1720 occupied itself with privateering,smuggling toand from Spanish America and slave trade....The chief point is something else;what was the power-political-maritime-economic of the harbour principalities.  \nJ.C.van Leur  \nOf the many topics in the history of modern Soutleast Asia,more attentionshould be drawn to those which concern the sociocultural evolution of themaritime world.Despite the stress Jacob van Leur gave in the 1930s toilluminating the study of the region's numerous maritime traditions,'fewsince then have looked beyond the European experience to the broaderstream of Southeast Asian development.²The maritime populations thatwere dependent on the sea for their economic pursuits —trading,raiding,collecting,and fishing—remain largely caricatures in the historiography ofthe region;their culture and social organization have been little studied byhistorians of the region.Much of the history of the eastern archipelago con-tinues to be written around a set of traditional assumptions and unchalleng-ed postulations about the essential \"nature\"and historical development ofthe sea-oriented peoples and communities.Historians continue to pursuethe'trade and empire\"approach,while the region's separate historyremains,in Van Leur's words,\"grey and undifferentiated”.³Significantamong the neglected aspects of the history of the eastern archipelago is areconstruction of the character of commerce and power in the maritimecommunity.Essential developments in the region's economic structure andsocial and cultural evolution,in particular the expansion of external tradeand the growing incidence of slave raiding in the latter part of the eighteenthcentury among maritime peoples,have claimed the attention of mosthistorians only when those activities conflicted with or were affected by  \nEuropean policy.⁴Most histories of the region have been political andadministrative in preference to social and economic.As a result of this bias,the complex interrelationship of commerce,marauding,and servitude andtheir broader sociocultural implications have been virtually ignored.  \nTo seriously take up Van Leur's challenge and vision,historians andanthropologists of Southeast Asia must divest themselves of the shipboardview of the eastern archipelago encountered in European sources of theperiod and willingly enter the looking glass to examine history from theother side —since we are still used to thinking of the European point ofview as the right s","cbCaipNdvSCkaHHy","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipNdvSCkaHHy","pdf",35412967,4,1,412,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n## Maritime historiography beyond European experience\n## External trade, slavery, and ethnocultural evolution\n## The Sulu trading zone and its imperial margins\n## Interpreting the Sulu Sultanate: slaves as economic actors\n## Ethnohistorical research strategy and fieldwork basis","[{\"question\":\"Why does the book criticize descriptions of regional Indonesian states using value-judgment labels?\",\"answer\":\"It argues that terms like despotism, piracy, and slavery are historical categories that can distort analysis if historians apply them as biased characterizations rather than historical evidence.\"},{\"question\":\"What main historiographical gap does the author identify for Southeast Asian maritime history?\",\"answer\":\"Most scholarship focuses on political administration and treats commerce, marauding, and servitude without fully explaining their sociocultural interrelationships and broader implications for maritime communities.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book explain the function of slavery in the Sulu Sultanate’s economy?\",\"answer\":\"It centers the slave (the “acquired person”) as essential to the functioning of the Sulu Sultanate’s economic structure, making slavery a decisive factor in interpreting the zone’s history.\"}]",1783467732,1038,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":86,"head_meta":88,"extra_data":90,"updated_unix":28},"the-sulu-zone-1768-1898-the-dynamics-of-external-trade-slavery-and-ethnicity-in-a-southeast-asian-maritime-state","",{"@graph":36,"@context":85},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,51],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":50},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":52,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-sulu-zone-1768-1898-the-dynamics-of-external-trade-slavery-and-ethnicity-in-a-southeast-asian-maritime-state/45874/",{"url":52,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-14","2026-07-07",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71,77,81],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"Why does the book criticize descriptions of regional Indonesian states using value-judgment labels?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"It argues that terms like despotism, piracy, and slavery are historical categories that can distort analysis if historians apply them as biased characterizations rather than historical evidence.","Answer",{"name":78,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":79},"What main historiographical gap does the author identify for Southeast Asian maritime history?",{"text":80,"@type":76},"Most scholarship focuses on political administration and treats commerce, marauding, and servitude without fully explaining their sociocultural interrelationships and broader implications for maritime communities.",{"name":82,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":83},"How does the book explain the function of slavery in the Sulu Sultanate’s economy?",{"text":84,"@type":76},"It centers the slave (the “acquired person”) as essential to the functioning of the Sulu Sultanate’s economic structure, making slavery a decisive factor in interpreting the zone’s history.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":52,"og:type":87,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":89,"canonical":52},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":92},[93,97,101,105,110,115,120,123,128,131,135],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Story & 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