[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40468-en":3,"doc-seo-40468-105":30,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":83},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":29},40468,1099514068035,"Ezra","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_276721f389ce27ea32af1340a28f341c",8,"Research & Report","The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Second Edition, Enlarged) Volume II, No. 2","Second Edition, Enlarged of Thomas S. Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (International Encyclopedia of Unified Science, Volume II, Number 2) presents a structured argument about how scientific knowledge develops. The table of contents outlines key steps: normal science as puzzle-solving, the priority of paradigms, anomaly leading to discovery, crisis and theory emergence, and the responses to crisis. It further develops revolutions as changes of world view, discusses the invisibility and resolution of revolutions, and frames progress through revolutions, including a 1969 postscript and prefaces describing Kuhn’s research path into the history of science.","INTERNATIONAL ENCYCLOPEDIA of UNIFIED SCIENCE  \nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions  \nSecond Edition, Enlarged  \nThomas S. Kuhn  \nVOLUMES I AND II • FOUNDATIONS OF THE UNITY OF SCIENCE  \nVOLUME II • NUMBER 2  \nInternational Encyclopedia of Unified Science  \nEditor-in-Chief Otto Neurath  \nAssociate Editors Rudolf Carnap Charles Morris  \nFoundations of the Unity of Science (Volumes I—II of the Encyclopedia)  \nCommittee of Organization  \nRUDOLF CARNAP CHARLES MORRIS  \nPHILIPP FRANK OTTO NEURATH  \nJOERGEN JOERGENSEN LOUIS ROUGIER  \nAdvisory Committee  \nNIELS BOHR  \nEGON BRUNSWIK  \nJ. CLAY  \nJOHN DEWEY FEDERIGO ENRIQUESHERBERT FEIGL CLARK L. HULL  \nR. VON MISES  \nG. MANNOURY ERNEST NAGEL ARNE NAESS  \nHANS REICHENBACH ABEL REY  \nBERTRAND RUSSELL  \nWALDEMAR KAEMPFFERT VICTOR F. LENZEN  \nJAN LUKASIEWICZ WILLIAM M. MALISOFF  \nL. SUSAN STEBBING ALFRED TARSKI EDWARD C. TOLMAN  \nJOSEPH H. WOODGER  \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637  \nTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, LTD., LONDON  \n© 1962, 1970 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved. Published 1962.  \nSecond Edition, enlarged, 1970 Printed in the United States of America  \n81 80 79 78 11 10 9 8  \nISBN: 0-226-45803-2 (clothbound); 0-226-45804-0 (paperbound) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 79-107472  \nInternational Encyclopedia of Unified Science  \nVolume 2 • Number 2  \nThe Structure of Scientific Revolutions  \nThomas S. Kuhn  \nContents:  \nPREFACE ...................................................... v  \nI. INTRODUCTION: A ROLE FOR HISTORY ............ 1  \nII. THE ROUTE TO NORMAL SCIENCE.................... 10  \nIII. THE NATURE OF NORMAL SCIENCE ................. 23  \nIV. NORMAL SCIENCE AS PUZZLE-SOLVING ........... 35  \nV. THE PRIORITY OF PARADIGMS .......................... 43  \nVI. ANOMALY AND THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERIES 52  \nVII. CRISIS AND THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENTIFIC THEORIES 66  \nVIII. THE RESPONSE TO CRISIS ................................. 77  \nIX. THE NATURE AND NECESSITY OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS 92  \nX. REVOLUTIONS AS CHANGES OF WORLD VIEW ...... 111  \nXI. THE INVISIBILITY OF REVOLUTIONS ................. 136  \nXII. THE RESOLUTION OF REVOLUTIONS ................ 144  \nXIII. PROGRESS THROUGH REVOLUTIONS ................ 160  \nPostscript-1969 ................................................ 174  \nPreface  \nThe essay that follows is the first full published report on a project originally conceived almost fifteen years ago. At that time I was a graduate student in theoretical physics already within sight of the end of my dissertation. A fortunate involvement with an experimental college course treating physical science for the non-scientist provided my first exposure to the history of science. To my complete surprise, that exposure to out-of-date scientific theory and practice radically undermined some of my basic conceptions about the nature of science and the reasons for its special success.  \nThose conceptions were ones I had previously drawn partly from scientific training itself and partly from a long-standing avocational interest in the philosophy of science. Somehow, whatever their pedagogic utility and their abstract plausibility, those notions did not at all fit the enterprise that historical study displayed. Yet they were and are fundamental to many discussions of science, and their failures of verisimilitude therefore seemed thoroughly worth pursuing. The result was a drastic shift in my career plans, a shift from physics to history of science and then, gradually, from relatively straightforward historical problems back to the more philosophical concerns that had initially led me to history. Except for a few articles, this essay is the first of my published works in which these early concerns are dominant. In some part it is an attempt to explain to myself and to friends how I happened to be drawn from science to its history in the first place.  \nMy first opportunity to pursue in depth some of the ideas set forth below was p","cbCail1i9vl7CF80","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCail1i9vl7CF80","pdf",825544,3,1,222,"English","en",105,"# Contents\n## Introduction: A Role for History\n## The Route to Normal Science\n## The Nature of Normal Science\n## Normal Science as Puzzle-Solving\n## The Priority of Paradigms\n## Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Discoveries\n## Crisis and the Emergence of Scientific Theories\n## The Response to Crisis\n## The Nature and Necessity of Scientific Revolutions\n## Revolutions as Changes of World View\n## The Invisibility of Revolutions\n## The Resolution of Revolutions\n## Progress Through Revolutions\n# Preface\n## Preface","[{\"question\":\"What role do anomalies and crises play in Kuhn’s framework?\",\"answer\":\"Anomalies accumulate and contribute to scientific discoveries, while deeper crisis conditions enable the emergence of new scientific theories in response to breakdowns in existing paradigms.\"}]",1783311890,559,{"code":4,"msg":31,"data":32},"ok",{"site_id":25,"language":24,"slug":33,"title":13,"keywords":34,"description":14,"schema_data":35,"social_meta":78,"head_meta":80,"extra_data":82,"updated_unix":28},"the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions-second-edition-enlarged-volume-ii-no-2","",{"@graph":36,"@context":77},[37,53,68],{"@type":38,"itemListElement":39},"BreadcrumbList",[40,44,48,50],{"item":41,"name":42,"@type":43,"position":21},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":45,"name":46,"@type":43,"position":47},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",2,{"item":49,"name":12,"@type":43,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",{"item":51,"name":13,"@type":43,"position":52},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-structure-of-scientific-revolutions-second-edition-enlarged-volume-ii-no-2/40468/",4,{"url":51,"name":13,"@type":54,"author":55,"headline":13,"publisher":57,"fileFormat":60,"inLanguage":24,"description":14,"dateModified":61,"datePublished":62,"encodingFormat":60,"isAccessibleForFree":63,"interactionStatistic":64},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":56},"Person",{"url":41,"name":58,"@type":59},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":65,"interactionType":66,"userInteractionCount":20},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":67},"ViewAction",{"@type":69,"mainEntity":70},"FAQPage",[71],{"name":72,"@type":73,"acceptedAnswer":74},"What role do anomalies and crises play in Kuhn’s framework?","Question",{"text":75,"@type":76},"Anomalies accumulate and contribute to scientific discoveries, while deeper crisis conditions enable the emergence of new scientific theories in response to breakdowns in existing paradigms.","Answer","https://schema.org",{"og:url":51,"og:type":79,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":58,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":81,"canonical":51},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":25},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":84},[85,89,93,97,102,107,112,115,120,123,127],{"id":21,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":86,"show_sort_weight":87,"slug":88},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":47,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":90,"show_sort_weight":91,"slug":92},"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":94,"show_sort_weight":95,"slug":96},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":98,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":99,"show_sort_weight":100,"slug":101},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":103,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":104,"show_sort_weight":105,"slug":106},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":108,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":109,"show_sort_weight":110,"slug":111},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":113,"slug":114},30,"research-report",{"id":116,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":117,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":119},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":118,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":121,"show_sort_weight":118,"slug":122},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":124,"slug":126},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":128,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":46,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":98,"slug":130},19,"General","general"]