[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40339-en":3,"doc-seo-40339-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":11,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":20,"is_downloadable":20,"audit_status":20,"page_count":21,"language":22,"language_code":23,"site_id":24,"html_lang":23,"table_of_contents":25,"faqs":26,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":27,"read_time":28},40339,8796095462418,"Noah","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/80000253c1241d02b47?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1778826106357471780",2,"Literature","The Short History of Science or the Long Path to the Union of Metaphysics and Empiricism","A concise historical and conceptual survey of how scientific thinking bridges antique metaphysics and empirical science. It traces major shifts from Copernicus through Newton, analyzes key developments in light, mechanics, thermodynamics, electromagnetism, and relativity, and extends the narrative toward quantum mechanics. The work presents basic postulates and open questions, evaluates natural-science theories using economy, and outlines a dynamic-universe perspective with observations of energy, time, and cosmic structure.","PHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY THE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY  \nTHE SHORT HISTORY OF SCIENCE  \n– or the long path to the union of metaphysics and empiricism  \nThird, complemented edition  \nTUOMO SUNTOLA  \nPHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY  \nTHE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY  \nTHE SHORT HISTORY OF SCIENCE  \n– or the long path to the union of metaphysics and empiricism  \nThird, complemented edition  \nTUOMO SUNTOLA  \nPHYSICS FOUNDATIONS SOCIETY  \nTHE FINNISH SOCIETY FOR NATURAL PHILOSOPHY  \n[www.physicsfoundations.org / www.lfs.fi](www.physicsfoundations.org / www.lfs.fi)  \n[E-BOOK](E-BOOK) ([PDF](PDF))  \nCreative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License  \nCover: Thales (ca. 625–546 BC, Wikimedia Commons) Pictures in Biography Gallery, Wikimedia Commons  \nCopyright © 2018 Tuomo Suntola.  \nISBN 978-952-68101-6-4 (hardcover)  \nISBN 978-952-68101-7-1 (PDF)  \nTo the great thinkers…through times.  \nContents  \nPREFACE 11  \nINTRODUCTION 13  \n1. FROM ANTIQUE METAPHYSICS TO EMPIRICAL SCIENCE 17  \nAntique inheritance 17  \nThe structure ofthe universe 19  \nThe structure ofmatter 24  \nToward the modern era 27  \nFrom Copernicus’s solar system to Newton’s mechanics 29  \nNewton and Principia 43  \nThe velocity of light 48  \nFrom Newtonian space to Einsteinian space 50  \nAnalytical mechanics 51  \nThermodynamics and statistical mechanics 55  \nElectromagnetism and the theory of light 57  \nFrom Maxwell’s equations to the theory of relativity 65  \nFrom radiation quantum to quantum mechanics 78  \nFrom special relativity to general relativity and cosmology 87  \n2. BASIC CONCEPTS 97  \nPostulates and definitions 109  \nOpen questions 111  \n3. DYNAMIC UNIVERSE 113  \nUnified expression of energy 113  \nThe concept ofquantum 125  \nObservations and the picture of reality 129  \nBuildup of energy in Dynamic Universe 129  \nExpanding and non-expanding objects and systems 130  \nDevelopment of the length of a day and a year 131  \nObservations ofdistant space 133  \nLocal mass centers in space 138  \nCelestial mechanics, the perihelion advance 141  \nThe frequency ofatomic clocks on the Earth and in near space 144  \n4. EVALUATION OF THEORIES ON NATURAL SCIENCES 147  \nTheory structures 148  \nThe principle of economy 151  \nAPPENDIX I. BIOGRAPHY GALLERY 153  \nThales (c. 625–546 BC) 153  \nAnaksimander (c. 610–546 BC) 153  \nAnaximenes (c. 585–528 BC) 154  \nPythagoras (c. 570–490 BC) 154  \nHeraclitus (c. 535–475 BC) 155  \nParmenides (c. 510 BC) 156  \nAnaxagoras (c. 500–428 BC) 156  \nEmpedocles (c. 492–432 BC) 157  \nPhilolaus (c. 470–385 BC) 157  \nLeucippus (400s BC) 158  \nDemocritus (c. 460–370 BC) 158  \nPlato (424–348 BC) 159  \nEudoxus (c. 408–355 BC) 160  \nHeraclides (c. 387–312 BC) 160  \nAristotle (384–322 BC) 161  \nEuclid (c. 350–280 BC) 162  \nEpicurus (341–270 BC) 162  \nAristarchus (310–230 BC) 163  \nArchimedes (c. 287–212 BC) 164  \nEratosthenes (276–194 BC) 164  \nApollonius (noin 262–190 eKr.) 165  \nHipparchus (c. 190–120 BC) 165  \nSeleukos (noin 190–150 eKr.) 166  \nKlaudios Ptolemaios (noin 85–165 jKr.) 166  \nJohn Philoponus (490–570) 167  \nJean Buridan (c. 1300–1360) 167  \nIbn al-Shatir (1304–1375) 168  \nNicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) 169  \nSir Thomas Digges (1546–1595) 171  \nTyko Brahe (1546–1601) 172  \nGiordano Bruno (1548–1600) 173  \nFrancis Bacon (1561–1626) 173  \nGalileo Galilei (1564–1642) 174  \nJohannes Kepler (1571–1630) 175  \nThomas Hobbes (1588–1679) 177  \nRené Descartes (1596–1650) 177  \nPierre de Fermat (1601–1665) 178  \nIsmael Boulliau (1605–1694) 179  \nJohn Wallis (1616–1703) 179  \nBlaise Pascal (1623–1662) 180  \nGiovanni Cassini (1625–1712) 181  \nRobert Boyle (1627-1691) 181  \nChristiaan Huygens (1629–1695) 182  \nChristopher Wren (1632–1723) 183  \nRobert Hooke (1635–1703) 184  \nIsaac Newton (1643–1727) 186  \nOle Römer (1644–1710) 188  \nGottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) 188  \nEdmond Halley (1656–1742) 191  \nJames Bradley (1693–1762) 192  \nPierre Louis Maupertuis (1698–1759) 192  \nDaniel Bernoulli (1700–1782) 193 ","cbCaihfszPTWPgSK","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaihfszPTWPgSK","pdf",6631675,1,258,"English","en",105,"# Preface\n# Introduction\n# From Antique Metaphysics to Empirical Science\n## Antique inheritance\n## The structure of the universe\n## The structure of matter\n## Toward the modern era\n# Basic Concepts\n# Dynamic Universe\n# Evaluation of Theories on Natural Sciences\n# Appendix I. Biography Gallery","[{\"question\":\"What main historical transition does the book emphasize?\",\"answer\":\"The book emphasizes the long path from antique metaphysics to empirical science and the eventual union of these approaches.\"},{\"question\":\"Which major scientific domains are covered in the scientific history?\",\"answer\":\"It covers planetary and mechanical theories, the velocity of light, Newtonian versus Einsteinian space, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.\"},{\"question\":\"How does the book evaluate scientific theories?\",\"answer\":\"It discusses theory structures and applies the principle of economy as an evaluative criterion in natural sciences.\"}]",1783310528,397,{"code":4,"msg":30,"data":31},"ok",{"site_id":24,"language":23,"slug":32,"title":13,"keywords":33,"description":14,"schema_data":34,"social_meta":85,"head_meta":87,"extra_data":89,"updated_unix":27},"the-short-history-of-science-or-the-long-path-to-the-union-of-metaphysics-and-empiricism","",{"@graph":35,"@context":84},[36,52,67],{"@type":37,"itemListElement":38},"BreadcrumbList",[39,43,46,49],{"item":40,"name":41,"@type":42,"position":20},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":44,"name":45,"@type":42,"position":11},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/","Document",{"item":47,"name":12,"@type":42,"position":48},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/literature/",3,{"item":50,"name":13,"@type":42,"position":51},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-short-history-of-science-or-the-long-path-to-the-union-of-metaphysics-and-empiricism/40339/",4,{"url":50,"name":13,"@type":53,"author":54,"headline":13,"publisher":56,"fileFormat":59,"inLanguage":23,"description":14,"dateModified":60,"datePublished":61,"encodingFormat":59,"isAccessibleForFree":62,"interactionStatistic":63},"DigitalDocument",{"name":9,"@type":55},"Person",{"url":40,"name":57,"@type":58},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-07-12","2026-07-06",true,{"@type":64,"interactionType":65,"userInteractionCount":11},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":66},"ViewAction",{"@type":68,"mainEntity":69},"FAQPage",[70,76,80],{"name":71,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":73},"What main historical transition does the book emphasize?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"The book emphasizes the long path from antique metaphysics to empirical science and the eventual union of these approaches.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"Which major scientific domains are covered in the scientific history?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It covers planetary and mechanical theories, the velocity of light, Newtonian versus Einsteinian space, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, electromagnetism, relativity, and quantum mechanics.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How does the book evaluate scientific theories?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"It discusses theory structures and applies the principle of economy as an evaluative criterion in natural sciences.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":50,"og:type":86,"og:title":13,"og:site_name":57,"og:description":14},"article",{"robots":88,"canonical":50},"index,follow",{"doc_id":7,"site_id":24},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":91},[92,96,99,103,108,113,118,123,128,131,135],{"id":20,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":93,"show_sort_weight":94,"slug":95},"Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":11,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":12,"show_sort_weight":97,"slug":98},80,"literature",{"id":51,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":100,"show_sort_weight":101,"slug":102},"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":104,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":105,"show_sort_weight":106,"slug":107},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":109,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":110,"show_sort_weight":111,"slug":112},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":114,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":115,"show_sort_weight":116,"slug":117},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":119,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":120,"show_sort_weight":121,"slug":122},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":124,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":125,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":127},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":126,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":129,"show_sort_weight":126,"slug":130},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":132,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":133,"show_sort_weight":132,"slug":134},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":136,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":45,"category_name":137,"show_sort_weight":104,"slug":138},19,"General","general"]