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This study presents a first size-structured topological food web for the Serengeti ecosystem, then simulates an IUCN-based species-loss sequence reflecting real vulnerability to human disturbance. It contrasts this realistic extinction scenario with size- and connectance-based sequences, assesses robustness, and shows that ignoring nontrophic interactions can underestimate human impacts by a factor of two.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-serengeti-food-web-empirical-quantification-and-analysis-of-topological-changes-under-increasing-human-impact/139025/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-serengeti-food-web-empirical-quantification-and-analysis-of-topological-changes-under-increasing-human-impact/139025.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Mali","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-19","2026-08-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What problem does the study address about human impacts on food webs?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"It addresses how land use and human overexploitation change species composition, diversity, and functioning, and highlights the lack of empirical data on realistic species-loss sequences in real threatened food webs.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How is the Serengeti food web characterized in the study?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"The study presents a first size-structured topological food web for the Serengeti ecosystem, using 95 grouped nodes spanning invertebrates and vertebrates across a large body-mass range.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What extinction sequence does the study use, and what key pattern of loss order is found?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"It uses a simulated IUCN-based species-loss sequence representing current vulnerability to human disturbance. Species loss begins with the biggest (mega) herbivores and top predators, but poor-connected species are lost first and highly connected species are lost later as impact increases.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},139025,1787494245,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":129,"read_time":144},2336475104362,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/avatar/22000c4c46a41b752dd?x-image-process=image/resize,m_fixed,w_180,h_180&k=1786595829695023868","Journal of Animal Ecology 2011, 80, 484–494 doi: 10 . 1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01787.x  \nThe Serengeti food web: empirical quantification and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact  \nSara N. de Visser*, Bernd P. Freymann and Han Olff  \nCommunity and Conservation Ecology Group, Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands  \nSummary  \n1. To address effects of land use and human overexploitation on wildlife populations, it is essential to better understand how human activities have changed species composition, diversity and functioning. Theoretical studies modelled how network properties change under human-induced, non-random species loss. However, we lack data on realistic species-loss sequences in threatened, real-world food webs to parameterize these models.  \n2. Here, we present a first size-structured topological food web of one of the most pristine terrestrial ecosystems in the world, the Serengeti ecosystem (Tanzania) . The food web consists of 95 grouped nodes and includes both invertebrates and vertebrates ranging from body masses between 10)7 and 104 kg.  \n3. We study the topological changes in this food web that result from the simulated IUCN-based species-loss sequence representing current species vulnerability to human disturbances in and around this savanna ecosystem. We then compare this realistic extinction scenario with other extinction sequences based on body size and connectance and perform an analysis of robustness of this savanna food web.  \n4. We demonstrate that real-world species loss in this case starts with the biggest (mega) herbivores and top predators, causing higher predator–prey mass ratios. However, unlike theoretically modelled linear species deletion sequences, this causes poor-connected species to be lost first, while more highly connected species become lost as human impact progresses. This food web shows high robustness to decreasing body size and increasing connectance deletion sequences compared with a high sensitivity to the decreasing connectance deletion scenario.  \n5. Furthermore, based on the current knowledge of the Serengeti ecosystem, we discuss how the focus on food web topology alone, disregarding nontrophic interactions, may lead to an underestimation of human impacts on wildlife communities, with the number of trophic links affected by a factor of two.  \n6. This study underlines the importance of integrative efforts between the development of food web theory and basic field work approaches in the quantification of the structure of interaction networks to sustain natural ecosystems in a changing world.  \nKey-words: anthropogenic impact, extinction order, IUCN Red List, robustness, Serengeti National Park  \nIntroduction  \nFood webs represent complex patterns of feeding links among species within an ecosystem. Discovering what determines food web structure is a major and long-term goal in ecology (Pimm 1982; Petchey et al. 2008a), both from a fundamental and applied perspective. As humans increasingly  \n*Correspondence author. E-mail: [sndevisser@hotmail.com](sndevisser@hotmail.com)  \ndominate the structure and functioning of the world’s communities and ecosystems (Vitousek et al. 1997), we urgently need the quantification of the structures of the last remaining near-pristine food webs as points of reference. This will help in understanding and predicting the effects and magnitudes of human activities on biodiversity.  \nThe loss of some species in food webs often induces cascades of secondary extinctions that are difficult to predict (Hairston, Smith & Slobodkin 1960) and causes impairment  \n􀀂 2010 The Authors. Journal of Animal Ecology 􀀂 2010 British Ecological Society  \nTopological changes under human impact 485  \nof ecosystem function (Duffy et al. 2007; Reiss et al. 2009) . Higher extinction risks are more often found among large-sized species and⁄or species at high trophic levels (Cardillo","cbCaia0NyIbHjZyi","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaia0NyIbHjZyi","pdf",538821,11,"English","# Summary\n## Species-loss sequences and data gaps\n## Construction of the Serengeti size-structured food web\n## Topological change analysis and robustness comparisons\n## Predator–prey mass ratios and loss order patterns\n## Implications of ignoring nontrophic interactions\n# Introduction\n## Food web structure and ecological goals\n## Cascading secondary extinctions and ecosystem impairment\n## Connectance, robustness, and hierarchy in network structure","[{\"question\":\"What problem does the study address about human impacts on food webs?\",\"answer\":\"It addresses how land use and human overexploitation change species composition, diversity, and functioning, and highlights the lack of empirical data on realistic species-loss sequences in real threatened food webs.\"},{\"question\":\"How is the Serengeti food web characterized in the study?\",\"answer\":\"The study presents a first size-structured topological food web for the Serengeti ecosystem, using 95 grouped nodes spanning invertebrates and vertebrates across a large body-mass range.\"},{\"question\":\"What extinction sequence does the study use, and what key pattern of loss order is found?\",\"answer\":\"It uses a simulated IUCN-based species-loss sequence representing current vulnerability to human disturbance. Species loss begins with the biggest (mega) herbivores and top predators, but poor-connected species are lost first and highly connected species are lost later as impact increases.\"}]","The Serengeti food web - empirical quantification and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact | PDF",28]