[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-374248-105":59,"doc-detail-374248-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-search-for-a-tnbc-vaccine-the-guardian-vaccine","The search for a TNBC vaccine: the guardian vaccine","","Nearly 20 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year, with breast cancer the most common among women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking ER/PR expression and HER2 amplification, accounts for 15–20% of cases and shows marked clinical and molecular heterogeneity with the lowest survival despite higher chemotherapy response. Current immunotherapy advances include immune checkpoint inhibitors and a strong focus on TNBC vaccines, which have no approvals yet. This review highlights promising studies and emphasizes p53 as a relevant antigen.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-search-for-a-tnbc-vaccine-the-guardian-vaccine/374248/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-search-for-a-tnbc-vaccine-the-guardian-vaccine/374248.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Theodore","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-27","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":44},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What defines triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"TNBC is defined by no/low expression of ER and PR and lack of amplification of HER2.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"Why is TNBC considered difficult to treat?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"TNBC shows significant heterogeneity, includes multiple subtypes such as basal-like disease, and has a lower overall survival across stages compared with non-TNBC.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"Are TNBC vaccines currently approved, and what does the review focus on?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"No TNBC vaccines are currently approved. The review highlights promising studies and emphasizes the antigen p53 as highly relevant to TNBC.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},374248,1790240344,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":44,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":145},7971461740886,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_3d24733baf745e90a7e4bdd5f77d97b2","CANCER BIOLOGY & THERAPY  \n2025, VOL. 26, NO. 1, 2472432 [https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2025.2472432](https://doi.org/10.1080/15384047.2025.2472432)  \nREVIEW  \nThe search for a TNBC vaccine: the guardian vaccine  \nCory Fines , Helen McCarthy, and Niamh Buckley  \nSchool of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK  \nABSTRACT  \nNearly 20 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year with breast cancer being the most common among women. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), defined by its no/low expression of ER and PR and lack of amplification of HER2, makes up 15–20% of all breast cancer cases. While patients overall have a higher response to chemotherapy, this subgroup is associated with the lowest survival rate indicating significant clinical and molecular heterogeneity demanding alternate treatment options. Therefore, new therapies have been explored, with a large focus on utilizing the immune system. A whole host of immunotherapies have been studied including immune checkpoint inhibitors, now standard of care for eligible patients, and possibly the most exciting and promising is that of a TNBC vaccine. While currently there are no approved TNBC vaccines, this review highlights many promising studies and points to an antigen, p53, which we believe is highly relevant for TNBC.  \nARTICLE HISTORY  \nReceived 22 November 2024 Revised 18 February 2025 Accepted 19 February 2025  \nKEYWORDS  \nTriple negative breast cancer; immunotherapy; vaccine; p53; mRNA  \nIntroduction  \nTriple negative breast cancer (TNBC) makes up to 20% of all breast cancer cases. 1 Current treatment options are limited leading to poor overall survival rates. Currently, immunotherapy is a key target for the treatment ofTNBC. There have been large advancements in the design of immunotherapies including the design of TNBC vaccines. This review will explore the current TNBC vaccines and propose what we think is the way forward in TNBC vaccine therapy.  \nTriple negative breast cancer current state of affairs  \nWorldwide, breast cancer has become the most diagnosed cancer with ~15% of these cases being triple negative, which is defined by absent/low expression of the hormone receptors, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and lack of amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) . Unlike hormone receptor-positive breast cancers, 1–3 TNBC patients tend to be younger, premenopausal, and to be of black or Hispanic ethnicity.4 The majority of TNBC cases are basal-like, highly aggressive, and have a high recurrence rate.5,6 The lack of receptor expression has left chemotherapy, in conjunction with surgery and radiotherapy, the main form of treatment for TNBC for many years.4  \nTreatment of TNBC has proved to be challenging partially due to the heterogeneity of the disease, where 4–6 different subtypes have been identified7–9 with the basal-like subtypes being the most common.10 While TNBC patients have historically been treated with adjuvant chemotherapy, in recent years, neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has become more prominent. 11 A variety of chemotherapies are used for the treatment of TNBC, commonly used in combination to increase efficacy. Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin or  \nepirubicin have been a key player in the treatment of TNBC and is commonly used in combination with cyclophosphamide and taxanes. 12–15 Other chemotherapies have shown efficacy in early-stage TNBC both as a monotherapy and in combination, including taxanes and platinum-based agents.16, 17 While chemotherapy is the standard of care of TNBC, there is a heterogenous response which is best seen when using NAC where treatment response can directly be measured at resection and then linked to outcome. When given NAC, TNBC has a higher rate of pathological complete response (pCR) compared to non-TNBC patients.18 This higher initial response rate to chemotherapy appears to contradict with lower overall survival rates. This is known as the “TNBC Paradox” and m","cbCaik3vVtkJemCC","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaik3vVtkJemCC","pdf",539030,17,"English","# Introduction\n## Triple negative breast cancer current state of affairs","[{\"question\":\"What defines triple negative breast cancer (TNBC)?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC is defined by no/low expression of ER and PR and lack of amplification of HER2.\"},{\"question\":\"Why is TNBC considered difficult to treat?\",\"answer\":\"TNBC shows significant heterogeneity, includes multiple subtypes such as basal-like disease, and has a lower overall survival across stages compared with non-TNBC.\"},{\"question\":\"Are TNBC vaccines currently approved, and what does the review focus on?\",\"answer\":\"No TNBC vaccines are currently approved. The review highlights promising studies and emphasizes the antigen p53 as highly relevant to TNBC.\"}]","The search for a TNBC vaccine: the guardian vaccine | PDF",1790201355,43]