[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"doc-detail-40222-en":3,"doc-seo-40222-105":29,"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":90},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",{"doc_id":7,"user_id":8,"nickname":9,"user_avatar":10,"doc_module":4,"category_id":11,"category_name":12,"doc_title":13,"doc_description":14,"doc_content":15,"file_id":16,"file_url":17,"file_type":18,"file_size":19,"view_count":20,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":21,"is_downloadable":21,"audit_status":21,"page_count":22,"language":23,"language_code":24,"site_id":25,"html_lang":24,"table_of_contents":26,"faqs":27,"seo_title":13,"seo_description":14,"update_tm":28,"read_time":11},40222,16904993612988,"Olivia Brown","https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_a8503ba1806abce46bf441b54a3ca4cd",8,"Research & Report","The Science of Protecting People’s Feelings: Why We Pretend All Opinions Are Equal","The article explains how psychology research reveals persistent biases in group judgments, especially the tendency to treat opinions as equally valid even when competence differs. It connects the Dunning-Kruger effect to real-world controversies such as vaccine denial, then introduces a newer cross-cultural study from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. The experiment shows “equality bias” in dyads deciding target images, where worse participants underweight and better participants over-weight partners—so groups converge on middle-ground confidence and outcome agreement can drift from optimal accuracy.","The Science of protecting people’s feelings: why we pretend all opinions are equal\nChris Mooney\nThe Washington Post\nhttps://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2015/03/10/the-science-of-protecting-peoples-feelings-why-we-pretend-all-opinions-are-equal/\nDitulis 10 Maret 2015\nDiakses 9 Oktober 2024\nIt’s both the coolest — and also in some ways the most depressing — psychology study ever.\nIndeed, it’s so cool (and so depressing) that the name of its chief finding — the Dunning-Kruger effect — has at least halfway filtered into public consciousness. In the classic 1999 paper, Cornell researchers David Dunning and Justin Kruger found that the less competent people were in three domains — humor, logic, and grammar — the less likely they were to be able to recognize that. Or as the researchers put it:\nAsk your climate questions. With the help of generative Al, we'll try to deliver answers based on our published reporting.\n“We propose that those with limited knowledge in a domain suffer from a dual burden: Not only do they reach mistaken conclusions and make regrettable errors, but their incompetence robs them of the ability to realize it.”\nDunning and Kruger didn’t directly apply this insight to our debates about science. But I would argue that the effect named after them certainly helps to explain phenomena like vaccine denial, in which medical authorities have voiced a very strong opinion, but some parents just keep on thinking that, somehow, they’re in a position to challenge or ignore this view.\nSo why do I bring this classic study up now?\nThe reason is that an important successor to the Dunning-Kruger paper has just been come out — and it, too, is pretty depressing (at least for those of us who believe that domain expertise is a thing to be respected and, indeed, treasured). This time around, psychologists have not uncovered an endless spiral of incompetence and the inability to perceive it. Rather, they’ve shown that people have an “equality bias” when it comes to competence or expertise, such that even when it’s very clear that one person in a group is more skilled, expert, or competent (and the other less), they are nonetheless inclined to seek out a middle ground in determining how correct different viewpoints are.\nYes, that’s right — we’re all right, nobody’s wrong, and nobody gets hurt feelings.\nThe new study, just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is by Ali Mahmoodi of the University of Tehran and a long list of colleagues from universities in the UK, Germany, China, Denmark, and the United States. And no wonder: The research was transnational, and the same experiment — with the same basic results — was carried out across cultures in China, Denmark, and Iran.\nIn the experiment (described in further detail in this previous paper), two separate people view two successive images, which are almost exactly the same, but not quite. In one of the images, there is an “oddball target” that looks slightly different. The images flash by very fast, and the two individuals have to decide which one, the first or the second, contained the target.\nSounds simple enough — but the two individuals didn’t merely have to identify the target. They also had to agree. Each member of the pair — the scientists wonkily call it a “dyad” — separately indicated which of the images contained the target, and how confident they were about that. Then, if there was a disagreement, one individual was chosen at random to decide what the right answer was – and thus, who was right and who was wrong. And then, both individuals learned the truth about whether their group decision had been the correct one or not.\nThis went on for 256 intervals, so the two individuals got to know each other quite well — and to know one another’s accuracy and skill quite well. Thus, if one member of the group was better than the other, both would pretty clearly notice. And a rational decision, you might think, would be for the less accur","cbCaivxDCZtbG62k","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaivxDCZtbG62k","docx",16288,5,1,3,"English","en",105,"# Psychological bias in evaluating competence\n## From Dunning–Kruger to real-world controversies\n## The new “equality bias” study\n## Experiment design and dyad decision process\n## Variations and persistent effects\n## Explanations: social inclusion vs. avoiding exclusion","[{\"question\":\"What does the Dunning–Kruger effect suggest about people with limited knowledge?\",\"answer\":\"It suggests that less competent people are less likely to recognize their own mistakes and can’t reliably judge where they are wrong in domains like humor, logic, and grammar.\"},{\"question\":\"What is the “equality bias” described in the new study?\",\"answer\":\"It is a tendency for people to seek middle-ground judgments about how correct different viewpoints are, even when one partner is clearly more competent or skilled.\"},{\"question\":\"How did the researchers test equality bias in the experiment?\",\"answer\":\"Participants viewed fast-changing images with a subtle target, independently indicated both the choice and their confidence, and then learned the truth after disagreements across many 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does the Dunning–Kruger effect suggest about people with limited knowledge?","Question",{"text":74,"@type":75},"It suggests that less competent people are less likely to recognize their own mistakes and can’t reliably judge where they are wrong in domains like humor, logic, and grammar.","Answer",{"name":77,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":78},"What is the “equality bias” described in the new study?",{"text":79,"@type":75},"It is a tendency for people to seek middle-ground judgments about how correct different viewpoints are, even when one partner is clearly more competent or skilled.",{"name":81,"@type":72,"acceptedAnswer":82},"How did the researchers test equality bias in the experiment?",{"text":83,"@type":75},"Participants viewed fast-changing images with a subtle target, independently indicated both the choice and their confidence, and then learned the truth after disagreements across many 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