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Exosomes are small endosome-derived lipid nanoparticles released by cells, carrying cargo inherited from donor cells, enabling exosome-based liquid biopsy for early diagnosis. They also drive OSCC development by transferring bioactive cargo to recipient cells. Evidence shows exosomes promote therapy resistance through multiple mechanisms, including drug efflux, and this review summarizes diagnosis, development and resistance roles while discussing clinical biomarker and therapeutic applications.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-roles-of-exosomes-in-the-diagnose-development-and-therapeutic-resistance-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-review/384441/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-roles-of-exosomes-in-the-diagnose-development-and-therapeutic-resistance-of-oral-squamous-cell-carcinoma-review/384441.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"anakgang17","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-09-26","2026-09-24",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":8},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"Why are exosomes important for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) diagnosis?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"Exosomes carry cargo inherited from their donor cells, so exosome cargo profiles can reflect OSCC characteristics. 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The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 1968. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)ijms24031968  \nAcademic Editors: Ji Hoon Jung and Moon Nyeo Park  \nReceived: 9 December 2022  \nRevised: 11 January 2023  \nAccepted: 16 January 2023  \nPublished: 19 January 2023  \nCopyright: © 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://](https://)[ ](https://)[creativecommons.org/licenses/by/](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[ ](creativecommons.org/licenses/by/)[4.0/](4.0/)) .  \n1 The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China  \n2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China  \n* Correspondence: [zili09@whu.edu.cn](zili09@whu.edu.cn) (Z.-L.Y.); [junjia@whu.edu.cn](junjia@whu.edu.cn) (J.J.); Tel.: +86-027-87686215 (Z.-L.Y.); +86-027-87686129 (J.J.)  \nAbstract: Oral cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, of which more than half of patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage with poor prognosis due to recurrence, metastasis and resistant to treatment. Thus, it is imperative to further explore the potential mechanism of development and drug resistance of oral cancer. Exosomes are small endosome-derived lipid nanoparticles that are released by cells. Since the cargoes of exosomes were inherited from their donor cells, the cargo profiles of exosomes can well recapitulate that of their donor cells. This is the theoretical basis of exosome-based liquid biopsy, providing a tool for early diagnosis of oral cancer. As an important intracellular bioactive cargo delivery vector, exosomes play a critical role in the development of oral cancer by transferring their cargoes to receipt cells. More importantly, recent studies have revealed that exosomes could induce therapy-resistance in oral cancer through multiple ways, including exosome-mediated drug efflux. In this review, we summarize and compare the role of exosomes in the diagnosis, development and therapy-resistant of oral cancer. We also highlight the clinical application of exosomes, and discuss the advantages and challenges of exosomes serving as predictive biomarker, therapy target and therapy vector in oral cancer.  \nKeywords: exosome; oral squamous cell carcinoma; biomarker; therapeutic resistance  \n1. Introduction  \nOral cancer is one of the top 10 malignant tumors worldwide, leading to over 177,000 deaths annually [1] . More than 90% of oral cancer cases are histologically oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) . Accumulating evidence shows that early OSCC patients have a favorable prognosis, with 5-year survival rates up to 80%[2] . Unfortunately, more than half of OSCC patients are diagnosed at a locally advanced stage (III/IV) [3] . Compared with their early counterparts, patients with OSCC in stage III/IV had a significantly poor prognosis and 5-year survival rates less than 30% due to recurrence and metastasis [4] . In addition, despite progress in the available treatments for advanced OSCC [5–8], the 5-year survival rate has not improved significantly during the past decades. Therefore, it is a major concern to explore the potential mechanism of recurrence and metastasis of OSCC. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that exosomes were closely associated with the progression of various types of cancer including ","cbCaipnHYCfaAdiU","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaipnHYCfaAdiU","pdf",1889736,"English","# Abstract\n# Introduction\n# Biogenesis and Classification of Exosomes\n# Exosome Roles in Diagnosis, Development and Therapeutic Resistance\n# Clinical Applications and Challenges","[{\"question\":\"Why are exosomes important for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) diagnosis?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes carry cargo inherited from their donor cells, so exosome cargo profiles can reflect OSCC characteristics. This provides a theoretical basis for exosome-based liquid biopsy and early diagnosis.\"},{\"question\":\"How do exosomes contribute to OSCC development?\",\"answer\":\"Exosomes transfer bioactive cargo to recipient cells and participate in processes linked to recurrence and metastasis. The review also highlights roles such as immune response, angiogenesis, and epithelial–mesenchymal transition.\"},{\"question\":\"What mechanisms can make OSCC therapy resistant through exosomes?\",\"answer\":\"The review states that exosomes can induce therapy resistance through multiple ways, including exosome-mediated drug efflux. Exosomal contents can regulate tumor sensitivity to treatment, leading to resistance and subsequent recurrence and metastasis.\"}]","The Roles of Exosomes in the Diagnose, Development and Therapeutic Resistance of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - Review | PDF",1790263283,48]