[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"detail-sidebar-cat-0-en-105":3,"doc-seo-333882-105":59,"doc-detail-333882-en":130},{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":6},0,"success",[7,13,18,23,28,33,38,43,48,51,55],{"id":8,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":10,"show_sort_weight":11,"slug":12},1,"Document","Story & Novel",90,"story-novel",{"id":14,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":15,"show_sort_weight":16,"slug":17},2,"Literature",80,"literature",{"id":19,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":20,"show_sort_weight":21,"slug":22},4,"Exam",70,"exam",{"id":24,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":25,"show_sort_weight":26,"slug":27},5,"Comic",60,"comic",{"id":29,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":30,"show_sort_weight":31,"slug":32},6,"Technology",50,"technology",{"id":34,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":35,"show_sort_weight":36,"slug":37},7,"Healthcare",40,"healthcare",{"id":39,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":40,"show_sort_weight":41,"slug":42},8,"Research & Report",30,"research-report",{"id":44,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":45,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":47},9,"Religion & Spirituality",20,"religion-spirituality",{"id":46,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":49,"show_sort_weight":46,"slug":50},"World Cup","world-cup",{"id":52,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":53,"show_sort_weight":52,"slug":54},10,"Lifestyle","lifestyle",{"id":56,"doc_module":4,"doc_module_name":9,"category_name":57,"show_sort_weight":24,"slug":58},19,"General","general",{"code":4,"msg":60,"data":61},"ok",{"site_id":62,"language":63,"slug":64,"title":65,"keywords":66,"description":67,"schema_data":68,"social_meta":123,"head_meta":125,"extra_data":127,"updated_unix":129},105,"en","the-roles-and-mechanisms-of-coding-and-noncoding-rna-variations-in-cancer","The roles and mechanisms of coding and noncoding RNA variations in cancer","","Functional variations in coding and noncoding RNAs are central to tumorigenesis, often driven by cancer-specific chemical modifications and posttranscriptional processes mediated by enzymes. These RNA alterations influence key cancer behaviors including proliferation, growth, metastasis, and drug resistance, and they offer opportunities to discover diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers. The review emphasizes posttranscriptional modification diversity (splicing, polyadenylation, methylation, editing) and additional changes such as RNA acetylation, circularization, miRNA isomerization, and pseudouridination, linking mechanistic understanding to RNA-based therapeutic development.",{"@graph":69,"@context":122},[70,84,105],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":40,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/research-report/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-roles-and-mechanisms-of-coding-and-noncoding-rna-variations-in-cancer/333882/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-roles-and-mechanisms-of-coding-and-noncoding-rna-variations-in-cancer/333882.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Miles","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-11-05","2026-09-21",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":29},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",{"@type":106,"mainEntity":107},"FAQPage",[108,114,118],{"name":109,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":111},"What major mechanisms generate coding and noncoding RNA variations in cancer?","Question",{"text":112,"@type":113},"The review highlights enzymatic posttranscriptional processes including alternative splicing, RNA editing, microRNA variation, RNA methylation, and alternative polyadenylation. It also discusses other modifications such as acetylation and circularization.","Answer",{"name":115,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":116},"How do RNA variations contribute to cancer progression and clinical outcomes?",{"text":117,"@type":113},"Cancer-specific RNA modifications are linked to tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Dysregulated modifications can also serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.",{"name":119,"@type":110,"acceptedAnswer":120},"What therapeutic strategies are mentioned for targeting aberrant RNA modifications?",{"text":121,"@type":113},"The review covers approaches including siRNAs and miRNAs, inhibitory antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), plasmid DNA, mRNA, splicing-modulatory ASOs, and CRISPR/Cas-based systems. It also notes the FDA approval of patisiran (ONPATTRO™) as a milestone for siRNA therapeutics.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":124,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":126,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":128,"site_id":62},333882,1790385270,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":131},{"doc_id":128,"user_id":132,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":133,"doc_module":4,"category_id":39,"category_name":40,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":134,"file_id":135,"file_url":136,"file_type":137,"file_size":138,"view_count":29,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":139,"language":140,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":141,"faqs":142,"seo_title":143,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":144,"read_time":41,"preview_page_count":4},13056703019404,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","[www.nature.com/emm](www.nature.com/emm)  \nREVIEW ARTICLE OPEN   \nThe roles and mechanisms of coding and noncoding RNA variations in cancer  \nSang Yean Kim1,2,3,5, Min Jeong Na1,2,3,5, Sungpil Yoon1,2,3, Eunbi Shin 1,2,4, Jin Woong Ha1,2,4, Soyoung Jeon1,2,4 and Suk Woo Nam 1,2,3,4 ✉  \n© The Author(s) 2024  \n\n|  | Functional variations in coding and noncoding RNAs are crucial in tumorigenesis, with cancer-specific alterations often resulting from chemical modifications and posttranscriptional processes mediated by enzymes. These RNA variations have been linked to tumor cell proliferation, growth, metastasis, and drug resistance and are valuable for identifying diagnostic or prognostic cancer biomarkers. The diversity of posttranscriptional RNA modifications, such as splicing, polyadenylation, methylation, and editing, is particularly significant due to their prevalence and impact on cancer progression. Additionally, other modifications, including RNA acetylation, circularization, miRNA isomerization, and pseudouridination, are recognized as key contributors to cancer development. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these RNA modifications in cancer can enhance our knowledge of cancer biology and facilitate the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Targeting these RNA modifications and their regulatory enzymes may pave the way for novel RNA-based therapies, enabling tailored interventions for specific cancer subtypes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles and mechanisms of various coding and noncoding RNA modifications in cancer progression |  |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n|  |  |  |\n| and highlights recent advancements in RNA-based therapeutic applications. |  |  |\n|  | Experimental & Molecular Medicine (2024) 56:1909–1920; [https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-024-01307-x](https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-024-01307-x) |  |\n|  |  |  |\n\nINTRODUCTION  \nRNA variations are categorized into alternative splicing, RNA editing, microRNA variation, RNA methylation and alternative polyadenylation, all of which yield alternative transcripts1. These variations, characterized by various enzymatic processes that acton pre-RNA molecules, generate a plethora of mature RNA forms with diverse functional implications. This diversity in posttranscriptional RNA modifications underlies a wide array of individual or pathological phenotypes, including organ specificity and developmental stages2,3. Significant milestones in RNA variation research include the discovery of alternative splicing (AS) transcripts from premessenger RNA (pre-mRNA) in 1977 and microRNAs (miRNAs) in 19934. Coding RNAs (messenger RNAs, mRNAs) serve as templates for protein synthesis via ribosomes. Therefore, variations in pre-mRNAs can profoundly impact protein function, influencing mRNA stability and subsequent protein production within cells. These variations can also disrupt miRNAmediated translational inhibition, mRNA‒protein interactions, and the subcellular localization of mRNAs or their protein products.  \nNoncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) encompass a diverse group of functional RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins. ncRNAs include structural RNAs such as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA), as well as regulatory RNAs such as miRNAs, small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), enhancer RNAs (eRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and vault RNAs (vRNAs) . Enzyme-mediated RNA  \nmodifications, including methylation, alternative splicing, RNA editing, and alternative polyadenylation (APA), generate various isoforms of mRNAs or ncRNAs5. Other RNA modifications include acetylation, pseudouridine modification, and circularization6,7.  \nRecent investigations have identified 5′ and 3′ isomerizations of miRNAs resulting from various pre-RNA digestion processes, with aberrant expression increasingly implicated in disease ","cbCaimBFSyqkeJUA","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaimBFSyqkeJUA","pdf",2431491,12,"English","# Introduction\n## RNA variations: coding RNAs and ncRNAs\n## Cancer relevance and therapeutic targeting","[{\"question\":\"What major mechanisms generate coding and noncoding RNA variations in cancer?\",\"answer\":\"The review highlights enzymatic posttranscriptional processes including alternative splicing, RNA editing, microRNA variation, RNA methylation, and alternative polyadenylation. It also discusses other modifications such as acetylation and circularization.\"},{\"question\":\"How do RNA variations contribute to cancer progression and clinical outcomes?\",\"answer\":\"Cancer-specific RNA modifications are linked to tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. Dysregulated modifications can also serve as diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers.\"},{\"question\":\"What therapeutic strategies are mentioned for targeting aberrant RNA modifications?\",\"answer\":\"The review covers approaches including siRNAs and miRNAs, inhibitory antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), plasmid DNA, mRNA, splicing-modulatory ASOs, and CRISPR/Cas-based systems. It also notes the FDA approval of patisiran (ONPATTRO™) as a milestone for siRNA therapeutics.\"}]","The roles and mechanisms of coding and noncoding RNA variations in cancer | PDF",1790004432]