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Microbial dysbiosis drives carcinogenesis through inflammation, immune modulation, and direct DNA damage. Sampling strategies across oral, esophageal, and gastric niches require standardization for dependable findings. Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma show enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria, while esophageal squamous cell carcinoma exhibits reduced diversity and harmful taxa such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Helicobacter pylori and non-HP gastric microbiota also contribute via nitrate reduction, inflammation, and immune effects. Emerging evidence underscores non-HP bacteria in tumor growth and immune evasion, supporting future diagnostic and microbiota-based therapeutic directions.",{"@graph":69,"@context":123},[70,84,106],{"@type":71,"itemListElement":72},"BreadcrumbList",[73,77,79,82],{"item":74,"name":75,"@type":76,"position":8},"https://docshare.wps.com","Home","ListItem",{"item":78,"name":9,"@type":76,"position":14},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/",{"item":80,"name":35,"@type":76,"position":81},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/healthcare/",3,{"item":83,"name":65,"@type":76,"position":19},"https://docshare.wps.com/document/the-role-of-microbiota-in-upper-gastrointestinal-cancers/371512/",{"url":83,"name":65,"@type":85,"image":86,"author":91,"headline":65,"publisher":94,"fileFormat":97,"inLanguage":63,"description":67,"dateModified":98,"datePublished":99,"encodingFormat":97,"isAccessibleForFree":100,"interactionStatistic":101},"DigitalDocument",{"url":87,"@type":88,"width":89,"height":90},"https://docshare.wps.com/thumbnails/the-role-of-microbiota-in-upper-gastrointestinal-cancers/371512.png","ImageObject",300,407,{"name":92,"@type":93},"Aria Callaghan","Person",{"url":74,"name":95,"@type":96},"DocShare","Organization","application/pdf","2026-10-30","2026-09-23",true,{"@type":102,"interactionType":103,"userInteractionCount":105},"InteractionCounter",{"@type":104},"ViewAction",17,{"@type":107,"mainEntity":108},"FAQPage",[109,115,119],{"name":110,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":112},"How does gut microbiota influence upper gastrointestinal cancer development?","Question",{"text":113,"@type":114},"Microbial dysbiosis promotes carcinogenesis through inflammation, immune modulation, and direct DNA damage. These mechanisms link microbial imbalance to tumor initiation and progression.","Answer",{"name":116,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":117},"What microbiota changes are associated with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma?",{"text":118,"@type":114},"Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are associated with enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria, which supports inflammation and cancer progression.",{"name":120,"@type":111,"acceptedAnswer":121},"What roles do Helicobacter pylori and non-HP gastric microbes play in gastric cancer?",{"text":122,"@type":114},"Helicobacter pylori and non-HP gastric microbiota contribute to gastric cancer through mechanisms such as nitrate reduction, immune modulation, and inflammation. The review also highlights specific non-HP taxa that may influence tumor growth and immune evasion.","https://schema.org",{"og:url":83,"og:type":125,"og:title":65,"og:site_name":95,"og:description":67},"article",{"robots":127,"canonical":83},"index,follow",{"doc_id":129,"site_id":62},371512,1790377535,{"code":4,"msg":5,"data":132},{"doc_id":129,"user_id":133,"nickname":92,"user_avatar":134,"doc_module":4,"category_id":34,"category_name":35,"doc_title":65,"doc_description":67,"doc_content":135,"file_id":136,"file_url":137,"file_type":138,"file_size":139,"view_count":105,"is_deleted":4,"is_public":8,"is_downloadable":8,"audit_status":8,"page_count":140,"language":141,"language_code":63,"site_id":62,"html_lang":63,"table_of_contents":142,"faqs":143,"seo_title":144,"seo_description":67,"update_tm":145,"read_time":36},962084926284,"https://ap-avatar.wpscdn.com/davatar_29158cc5080c5b710cf443261637dec0","Review  \nThe Role of Microbiota in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers  \nGiovanni Marasco 1,2,†, Luigi Colecchia 1,2,†, Daniele Salvi 1,3, Angelo Bruni 1,2, Cecilia Capelli 1,2,  \nElton Dajti 1,2, Maria Raffaella Barbaro 1, Cesare Cremon 1,2, Vincenzo Stanghellini 1,2 and Giovanni Barbara 1,2, *  \nAcademic Editor: MaríaJesús Fernández Aceñero  \nReceived: 27 April 2025  \nRevised: 19 May 2025  \nAccepted: 19 May 2025  \nPublished: 21 May 2025  \nCitation: Marasco, G.; Colecchia, L.; Salvi, D.; Bruni, A.; Capelli, C.;  \nDajti, E.; Barbaro, M.R.; Cremon, C.; Stanghellini, V.; Barbara, G. The Role of Microbiota in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers. Cancers 2025, 17, 1719. [https://doi.org/10.3390/](https://doi.org/10.3390/)[ ](https://doi.org/10.3390/)cancers17101719  \nCopyright: © 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ([https://creativecommons.org/](https://creativecommons.org/)[ ](https://creativecommons.org/)[licenses/by/4.0/](licenses/by/4.0/)) .  \n1 IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;  \n[giovanni.marasco4@unibo.it](giovanni.marasco4@unibo.it) (G.M.); [luigi.colecchia@studio.unibo.it](luigi.colecchia@studio.unibo.it) (L.C.); [angelo.bruni4@unibo.it](angelo.bruni4@unibo.it) (A.B.);  \n[cecilia.capelli3@studio.unibo.it](cecilia.capelli3@studio.unibo.it) (C.C.); [elton.dajti2@unibo.it](elton.dajti2@unibo.it) (E.D.); [maria.barbaro2@unibo.it](maria.barbaro2@unibo.it) (M.R.B.);  \n[cesare.cremon@aosp.bo.it](cesare.cremon@aosp.bo.it) (C.C.); [v.stanghellini@unibo.it](v.stanghellini@unibo.it) (V.S.)  \n2 Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy  \n3 Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero,  \n25124 Brescia, Italy  \n* Correspondence: [giovanni.barbara@unibo.it](giovanni.barbara@unibo.it); Tel.: +39-0512144103 † These authors contributed equally to this work.  \nSimple Summary: The gut microbiota, the bacteria, fungi, and virus residing in our gastrointestinal tract, plays a key role in the development of upper gastrointestinal cancers, such as esophageal and gastric cancers. Changes in the microbial balance (dysbiosis) can promote cancer through inflammation, immune changes, and DNA damage. In esophageal cancer, potentially harmful bacteria are more common in precancerous conditions. In gastric cancer, it is known that Helicobacter pylori is a potent carcinogen, but a new field of study has shown that other gastric bacteria can contribute to cancer progression. Understanding these microbial changes could lead to better ways to diagnose patients and, eventually, treat or prevent cancer.  \nAbstract: The gut microbiota significantly impacts the development and progression of upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, including esophageal and gastric cancers. Microbial dysbiosis contributes to carcinogenesis through mechanisms such as inflammation, immune modulation, and direct DNA damage. Techniques for sampling oral, esophageal, and gastric microbiota vary, with standardization being essential for reliable results. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) are associated with an enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria, promoting inflammation and cancer progression. Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) also shows distinct microbial patterns, with reduced diversity and increased harmful bacteria like Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum. In gastric cancer (GC), Helicobacter pylori (HP) and non-HP gastric microbiota play significant roles, with diverse microbial communities contributing to cancer development through nitrate reduction, immune modulation, and inflammation. Emerging evidence highlights the role of non-HP bacteria in promoting carcinogenesis, with specific taxa like Fusobacterium nucleatum and Lactobacillus inf","cbCaiuhTQ4YmHRix","https://ap.wps.com/l/cbCaiuhTQ4YmHRix","pdf",822244,16,"English","# Introduction\n# Gut Microbiota and Dysbiosis\n# Oral, Esophageal, and Gastric Sampling Approaches\n# Esophageal Cancer: ESCC and EAC\n## Barrett’s Esophagus and Associated Microbiota\n## ESCC Microbial Patterns\n# Gastric Cancer and Microbiota\n## Helicobacter pylori and Non-HP Microbes\n# Clinical Implications and Future Directions","[{\"question\":\"How does gut microbiota influence upper gastrointestinal cancer development?\",\"answer\":\"Microbial dysbiosis promotes carcinogenesis through inflammation, immune modulation, and direct DNA damage. These mechanisms link microbial imbalance to tumor initiation and progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What microbiota changes are associated with Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma?\",\"answer\":\"Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma are associated with enrichment of Gram-negative bacteria, which supports inflammation and cancer progression.\"},{\"question\":\"What roles do Helicobacter pylori and non-HP gastric microbes play in gastric cancer?\",\"answer\":\"Helicobacter pylori and non-HP gastric microbiota contribute to gastric cancer through mechanisms such as nitrate reduction, immune modulation, and inflammation. The review also highlights specific non-HP taxa that may influence tumor growth and immune evasion.\"}]","The Role of Microbiota in Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers | PDF",1790192239]